The needs of foster children and how to satisfy them:A systematic review of the literature

Family foster care deeply influences the needs of children and how these are satisfied. To increase our knowledge of foster children’s needs and how these are conceptualized, this paper presents a systematic literature review. Sixty- four empirical articles from six databases were reviewed and categorized (inter-rater agreement K = .78) into four categories: medical, belongingness, psychological and self-actualization needs. The results give a complete overview of needs that are specific to foster children, and what can be implemented to satisfy these needs. This study shows psychological needs are studied more often compared to the other categories, which specially relates to much attention for mental health problems. Furthermore, most articles focus on how to satisfy the needs of foster children and provide no definition or concrete conceptualization of needs. Strikingly, many articles focus on children’s problems instead of their needs, and some even use these terms interchangeably. This review illustrates that future research should employ a proper conceptualization of needs, which could also initiate a shift in thinking about needs instead of problems

ATTENUATION OF VO2 SLOW COMPONENT DURING HEAVY-INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE

Cade Carter, Jakob D. Lauver, Timothy R. Rotarius. Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC. Background: The VO2 slow component (VOSC) is a slow, exponential increase in VO2 that takes place during constant load exercise above the ventilatory threshold (VT). Purpose: This study aimed to examine the amplitude of the VO2SC during various heavy intensity interval exercise protocols when controlling the VO2 on-kinetics. Methods: Six males (24 ± 5 yrs.) participated in a total of 7 visits. The first visit consisted of a graded exercise test (20 W/min) until volitional fatigue. VO2peak was determined as the highest VO2 averaged over a 15-second interval, and was used to determine the subject’s work rates for each experimental condition that corresponded with 50% of the difference between VO2peak and VT (Δ50%). The three experimental conditions were: continuous (CON), intermittent (INT), and extended intermittent (EXT), two trials were completed for each condition. Pulmonary gas exchange (VO2, VCO2) and minute ventilation (VE) were measured through breath-by-breath analysis. Each experimental condition consisted of a 4-minute warm-up (20W), followed by heavy intensity exercise. To control on-transition kinetics, the work rate during the initial 3 min for each condition was kept the same. During CON, work rate was unchanged for 3 additional min. During INT, the remaining 3 min consisted of 3 s rest intervals interspersed every 10 s. For the EXT condition, 3 s recovery intervals were inserted every 10 s until the total work performed matched the total work performed for the CON condition. Phase II VO2 responses (time constant, τVO2) were analyzed using either a 2- or 3-component exponential model after interpolating to 1 s and ensemble averaging each trial. One-way ANOVAs were computed to assess the difference in means for each condition. Significance was established if p \u3c 0.05. Results: τVO2 was similar (CON: 32.5 ± 1.7 s; INT: 36.6 ± 1.8 s; EXT: 36.1 ± 2.6 s, p=0.50) as expected. The amplitude of VO2SC, as measured by ΔVO2(6-3), was decreased in both INT and EXT compared to the CON condition (-8 ± 35 mL/min; -39 ± 43 mL/min; 367 ± 50 mL/min, p \u3c 0.001). ΔHR(6-3) was lower in INT and EXT (3 ± 2 bpm; 3 ± 1 bpm, respectively) compared to CON (15 ± 2 bpm, p \u3c 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the VO2SC was abolished with the addition of 3 s recovery intervals (INT and EXT). This is possibly due to myocardial work, as evidence by ΔHR(6-3), being lower in INT and EXT compared to CON

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INTERVALS DURATION DURING AEROBIC EXERCISE WITH BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION

Grayson Sossamon, Timothy R. Rotarius, Jakob D. Lauver, Justin P. Guilkey. Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC. BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to elicit positive physiological adaptions. A mechanism of adaptation with BFR is increased local metabolic stress, however, BFR can also increase cardiac work. Metabolic stress and cardiac work could be affected by the work interval duration during BFR but the acute physiological effects of interval duration with BFR are unexplored. This study will examine the effect of work interval duration on the local metabolic stress and cardiac work during low-intensity aerobic exercise with BFR. METHODS: Healthy males (18-25 yrs) will complete a graded exercise test to determine WR for experimental conditions. On separate days, participants will complete three experimental interval (INT) exercise protocols with intermittent BFR, in a random order. All protocols will consist of a 4-min warm-up ([20 W] WU), work INTs (35% peak power), and 1-min recovery INTs (20 W) between work INTs. The work INTs in the three protocols will be: 1) six 2-min INTs (2-min INT), 2) twelve 1-min INTs (1-min INT), and 3) three 4-min INTs (4-min INT). During work INTs, BFR cuffs will rapidly inflate to 60% of limb occlusion pressure (LOP) and deflate during recovery INTs. LOP will be the pressure at which the posterior tibial artery pulse ceases by Doppler auscultation. In each protocol, the duration of work INTs and BFR will be 12 mins. Gas exchange, heart rate (HR), and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) of the vastus lateralis, via near-infrared spectroscopy, will be collected throughout exercise. To quantify local metabolic stress, StO2 will be averaged over the last 30 sec of the WU and expressed as change from WU. Blood pressure (BP) will be taken manually and rate pressure product (RPP) will be calculated to assess cardiac work. Due to the different protocol durations, data will be compared at 0% (end of WU), 33%, 67%, and 100% of each protocol duration. Differences between protocols will be determined by a 2-way (trial x time) repeated measures ANOVA. Significance will be established if p ≤0.05. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is hypothesized StO2 will have a greater decrease from WU and RPP will be greater, suggesting greater local metabolic stress and cardiac work in 4-min INT compared to 1-min INT and 2-min INT. If the hypothesis is confirmed, training with longer intervals could elicit greater local adaptations, but cardiac work will be increased during training