A dataset of fact-checked images shared on whatsapp during the brazilian and indian elections

Copyright © 2020, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. Recently, messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, have been reportedly abused by misinformation campaigns, especially in Brazil and India. A notable form of abuse in WhatsApp relies on several manipulated images and memes containing all kinds of fake stories. In this work, we performed an extensive data collection from a large set of WhatsApp publicly accessible groups and fact-checking agency websites. This paper opens a novel dataset to the research community containing fact-checked fake images shared through WhatsApp for two distinct scenarios known for the spread of fake news on the platform: the 2018 Brazilian elections and the 2019 Indian elections

Enthalpies of combustion, vapour pressures, and enthalpies of sublimation of the 1,5-and 1,8-diaminonaphthalenes

The standard (p degrees = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation, in the crystalline state, of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene and 1,8-diaminonaphthalene were derived from the standard molar energies of combustion, in oxygen, at T = 298.15 K, measured by static-bomb combustion calorimetry. The Knudsen mass-loss effusion technique was used to measure the dependence of the vapour pressure of the solid isomers of diaminonaphthalene with the temperature, from which the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation were derived using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. [GRAPHICS] Combining these two experimental values, the gas-phase standard molar enthalpies of formation, at T = 298.15 K, were derived and compared with those estimated using two different empirical methods of Delta fH degrees(m)(g) estimation: the Cox scheme and the Benson's Group Method. Moreover, the standard (p degrees = 0.1 MPa) molar entropies and Gibbs energies of sublimation, at T = 298.15 K, were derived for the two diaminonaphthalene isomers

Role of Endogenous IFN-γ in Macrophage Programming Induced by IL-12 and IL-18

Besides the established role of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 on interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by natural killer (NK), T, and B cells, the effects of these cytokines on macrophages are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of IL-12/IL-18 on nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production by CD11b+ adherent peritoneal cells, focusing on the involvement of endogenously produced IFN-γ. C57BL/6 cells released substantial amounts of NO when stimulated with IFN-γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but failed to respond to IL-12 or IL-18 or both. However, IL-12/IL-18 pretreatment was able to program these cells to release 6–8-fold more NO and TNF-α in response to LPS or Trypanosoma cruzi stimulation, with NO levels directly correlating with macrophage resistance to intracellular parasite growth. Analysis of IL-12/IL-18-primed cells from mice deficient in IFN-γ, IFNGR, and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) revealed that these molecules were essential for LPS-induced NO release, but TNF-α production was IFN-γ independent. Conversely, the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway was indispensable for IL-12/IL-18-programmed LPS-induced TNF-α production, but not for NO release. Contaminant T and NK cells largely modulated the IL-12/IL-18 programming of LPS-induced NO response through IFN-γ secretion. Nevertheless, a small population of IFN-γ+ cells with a macrophage phenotype was also identified, particularly in the peritoneum of chronically T. cruzi-infected mice, reinforcing the notion that macrophages can be an alternative source of IFN-γ. Taken together, our data contribute to elucidate the molecular basis of the IL-12/IL-18 autocrine pathway of macrophage activation, showing that endogenous IFN-γ plays an important role in programming the NO response, whereas the TNF-α response occurs through an IFN-γ-independent pathway