Atrial tachycardia occurring after a prior atrial fibrillation ablation procedure : does non-inducibility matter?

Recurrent atrial tachycardia (AT) is a common phenomenon after catheter ablation for AF, particularly in the setting of additional substrate ablation, with many studies demonstrating gap-related macro re-entrant AT (predominantly mitral and roof dependent) to be the dominant mechanism. Although multiple inducible ATs after ablation of the clinical AT are commonly described at repeat procedures, the optimal ablation strategy, and procedural endpoints are unclear in this setting. A recent randomized study addressing the question of non-inducibility as a procedural endpoint demonstrated no additional benefits to the ablation of all induced, non-clinical ATs, but it was limited by small numbers and high rates of non-inducibility. Nevertheless, once ablation of the clinical AT has been successfully performed, ensuring durable linear block and PV isolation may be sufficient for the prevention of further AT. Durable linear block, particularly at the mitral isthmus, is difficult to achieve but may be facilitated by the real-time evaluation of lesion quality and contiguity and the novel technique of vein of Marshall ethanol infusion. Large-scale, randomized trials are needed, nonetheless, to fully assess the optimal ablation strategy in the setting of recurrent AT post-AF ablation

Surgical Repair of the Bicuspid Aortic Valve: Predictors of Failure

Surgical strategies in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), aimed at either correcting valve dysfunction, managing the BAV-associated aortic dilatation, or both, are diverse. Aortic valve replacement (AVR), with or without replacement of the proximal aorta, has been shown to be both effective and reliable in treating patients with aortic root dilatation, improving their prognosis and quality of life. It nonetheless exposes the patients to a variety of prosthesis-related complications. Alternatively, valve repair and valve-sparing techniques have been developed and evolved over the past two decades from an anecdotal approach to a plausible alternative to AVR in selected patients. In this chapter, we will review and discuss the currently available data regarding BAV repair failure, with a focus on the identification of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative echocardiographic and anatomical features associated with repair failure