Spolni dimorfizem in razširjenost lovorolistnega volčina (Daphne laureola L.) na območju Bohorja

Gynodioecious Daphne laureola L. is one of six species of the genus Daphne L. native to Slovenia. The main goals of this research were to determine the distribution of Daphne laureola in the Bohor area, the sexual structure of populations and its correlation with site conditions, and whether morphological differences exist between females and hermaphrodites beyond those of flower structure. Four research plots located on the north side of Bohor were selected - two in each altitude range. A total of 277 plants were studied to determine the sexual structure of the populations, 90 of which were additionally studied for sexual dimorphism. The species was recorded for the first time in quadrant 9959/1 of the Central European flora mapping grid, extending its previously known distribution. The share of female plants was between 3.17% and 47.17% and was lower at higher altitudes. The frequency of plants, morphological traits, and the proportion of female individuals are highly correlated with environmental factors. Plants bore more flowers at higher altitudes, and leaves were longer, with rounder tips and sharper bases.The majority of morphological differences between females and hermaphrodites were minor and not statistically significant.Ginodiecična vrsta lovorolistni volčin (Daphne laureola L.) je ena od šestih samoniklih vrst iz rodu volčin (Daphne) v Sloveniji. Cilji raziskave so bili: ugotoviti razširjenost lovorolistnega volčina na Bohorju, spolno strukturo populacij na izbranih ploskvah lovorolistnega volčina na Bohorju in njeno povezavo z rastiščnimi razmerami ter ali poleg razlike v cvetovih obstajajo šedruge značilne morfološke razlike med obojespolnimi in ženskimi rastlinami. V raziskavo so bile vključene štiri ploskve na severnem delu Bohorskega pogorja, in sicer po dve v vsakem višinskem pasu. Skupno je bilo za preučevanje spolne strukture populacij popisanih 277 osebkov, med njimi pa še 90 osebkov za preučevanje spolnega dimorfizma. Poleg že prej znane razširjenosti smo vrsto prvič doslej zabeležili v kvadrantu 9959/1 kartiranja srednjeevropske flore. Delež ženskih rastlin po ploskvah se je gibal med 3,17 % in 47,17 % in je bil obratno sorazmeren z naraščanjem nadmorske višine. Pogostnost pojavljanja, deleži ženskih rastlin in morfološke lastnosti rastlinso bile odvisni od dejavnikov okolja. Grmi so imeli na višji nadmorski višini več cvetov, listi pa so bili daljši, z bolj topim vrhom listne ploskve in ostrejšim dnom listne ploskve. Morfološke razlike med obojespolnimi in ženskimi osebki so bile majhne in večinoma niso bile statistično značilne

Analiza vpliva parkljaste divjadi na pomlajevanje dinarskega jelovo-bukovega gozda na raziskovalni ploskvi Trnovec v Kočevskem gozdnogospodarskem območju

In the period 1970-2000, 152 fenced-in areas were built in the Kočevje Forest Management Region with an aim to protect tree seedlings and saplings from ungulatesć activity and to monitor the influence of roe and red deer on natural regeneration. The average surface area of fenced areas is 0.71 ha. Using the pair comparison technique (fenced vs. unfenced areas), the structureand the composition of the natural regeneration of tree species as well as complete shrub and herb vegetation were analysed in the research site Trnovec. Furthermore, the vegetation was investigated using the Braun-Blanquetmethod. The research results show significant differences between fenced and unfenced areas, both in tree species composition and in theheight structure of the sapling community. In fenced areas the total numberof saplings taller than 50 cm is higher and an increase is also evident in the number of saplings of silver fir Abies alba, sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus, elm Ulmus glabra and other minor tree species. There are also significant differences in species composition and in the abundance of plant species in the herb layer. The results show that natural regeneration of Dinaric fir-beech forests is successful, provided the influence of ungulates is excluded.V gozdnogospodarskem območju Kočevje so v obdobju 1970-2000 zgradili 152 gozdnih ograj, ki so namenjene zaščiti pomladka in mladovja pred velikimi rastlinojedi in preučevanju vpliva populacij jelenjadi in srnjadi na razvoj rastlinja. Poprečna velikost ograjene površine je 0,71 ha. Z vzorčenjem na transektu (N=42 ploskev, 4x4 m) v raziskovalnem objektu Trnovec smo podrobno raziskali sestavo in strukturo pomladka in drugega rastlinja v zeliščni in grmovni plasti na ograjeni in neograjeni površini. Analizo rastlinja smo dopolnili s tremi fitocenološkimi popisi. Pri parni primerjavi smo ugotovili značilne razlike v višinski strukturi in sestavi pomladka. Na ograjeni površini smo evidentirali več mladic, ki so višje od 50 cm, in znatno večje število mladic jelke (Abies alba), javorja (Acer pseudoplatanus), bresta (Ulmus glabra) in drugih minoritetnih drevesih vrst. Značilne so tudi razlike v sestavi in obilju zelnatih rastlin. Ob izključitvi vpliva jelenjadi in srnjadi poteka naravna obnova povsem nemoteno

Prijedlozi za upotrebu šumskog reprodukcijskog materijala običnog jasena (Fraxinus excelsior L.) u Sloveniji na bazi analize jezgrinih mikrosatelita

Assumption that forest reproductive material is better adapted to local conditions is the basis of current forest policy that promotes the use of local material. Genetic diversity and structure of two approved seed stands and three non-approved stands of Fraxinus excelsior L. were analysed with nuclear microsatellites to get genetically based support for the use of its reproductive material in Slovenia. Genetic diversity was high (HE = 0.80) and differentiation between populations measured as FST (FST = 0.018) low to nonexistent when measured with genetic distances. Calculated allelic indices for seed stands were the same or a bit above the Slovenian average with two exceptions. Based on the analysis of five microsatellite loci, no restrictions for transferring forest reproductive material within the studied range can be presented. However, collection of forest reproductive material from seed stand Rodik should follow good seed collection practices to ensure high genetic diversity of reproductive material.Obični jasen (Fraxinus excelsior L.) je najraširenija i ekonomski najvažnija vrsta jasena u Sloveniji. Obično se prirodno obnavlja, ali kada prirodna obnova nije moguća, bitno je da za umjetnu obnovu osiguramo staništu prilagođen šumski reprodukcijski materijal većeg genetskog diverziteta. On nam omogućava prilagodbu na promjenljive klimatske uvjete, otpornost na gljive i insekte te učinkovitu obnovu šuma (Rajora i Mosseler 2001, Koskela i sur. 2007). Stoga je bitno da prilikom sakupljanja i manipulacije sjemenom ne smanjimo njegov genetski diverzitet (Hosius et al. 2006, Schmidt 2000). Uporaba lokalnog reprodukcijskog materijala predstavlja aktualnu šumarsku politiku, jer bi zbog prirodne selekcije lokalni genotipovi trebali biti najbolje prilagođeni lokalnim uvjetima, u kojima uspijevaju. Pomoću jezgrinih mikrosatelita istraživali smo genetski diverzitet i strukturu pet populacija običnog jasena u Sloveniji. Željeli smo odgovoriti na sljedeća pitanja: (1) Jesu li sa genetske perspektive analizirane sjemenske sastojine običnog jasena kvalitetnije za sakupljanje reprodukcijskog materijala nego nesjemenske sastojine? (2) Da li je za obični jasen dovoljna jedna provenijencijska regija koja obuhvaća cijelu Sloveniju? Pomoću pet jezgrinih mikrosatelita (FEMSATEL 4, 11, 16, 19 i M2-30) analizirali smo DNA 148 stabala običnog jasena iz pet populacija (tablica 1). Za verifikaciju nekontaminacije i točnosti lančane reakcije s polimerazom i fragmentne analize upotrijebili smo pozitivne i negativne kontrole. Pomoću programa GenAlEx 6 (Peakall i Smouse 2006), FSTAT (Goudet 1995) i SpaGeDi (Hardy i Vekemans 2002) analizirali smo sljedeće indekse genetskog diverziteta: broj alela po lokusu A, broj alela s frekvencijom jednakom ili većom od 0.05 A≥ 0.05, broj efektivnih alela AE, broj privatnih alela APRIV, zapaženu heterozigotnost HO, genetski diverzitet HE, ukupni genetski diverzitet HT i Wrightov koeficijent inbridinga FIS. Genetsku strukturu analizirali smo pomoću indeksa FST, RST i genetskih udaljenosti te izradom filogenetskih stabala.. Programom Genepop 4.0 (Rousset 2008) analizirali smo i korelaciju između genetskih i geografskih udaljenosti između parova populacija. Statističku značajnost izračunatih indeksa testirali smo permutacijama. Svih pet analiziranih lokusa bilo je vrlo polimorfno. Prosječni genetski diverzitet bio je visok (HT = 0.809), broj alela po populaciji bio je između 12.8 i 15.6. Ukupno smo otkrili 38 privatnih alela. Lokalnih općih alela (alela sa frekvencijom jednakom ili većim od 0.05),a koji se pojavljuju u samo jednoj od pet populacija, nismo otkrili. Alelni indeksi za sjemenske sastojine su sa dvije iznimke bili jednaki ili nešto iznad slovenskog prosjeka. Prosječna zapažena heterozigotnost (HO = 0.72) bila je niža od očekivane heterozigotnosti ili genetskog diverziteta (HE = 0.80). To je rezultiralo u pozitivnom i statističko značajnom koeficijentu inbridinga (FIS = 0.102, P = 0.000 (tablica 2)). Na ispitivanoj razini mutacije nisu doprinijele diferencijaciji populacija (RST = –0.007; FST = 0.018; P = 0.993). Zasnovano na parnim vrijednostima FST, od ostalih razlikovala se populacija Razpotje, ali ne i pomoću analize genetskih udaljenosti DC i DS. Isto tako nismo utvrdili veze između genetskih i geografskih udaljenosti. Genetski diverzitet ispitivanih populacija bio je sličan onima u Bosni i Hercegovini (Ballian i sur.. 2008), Bugarskoj (Heuertz i sur. 2001), Rumunji (Heuertz i sur. 2003), Italiji (Ferrazzini i sur. 2007), Velikoj Britaniji (Sutherland i sur. 2010) kao i onoj na razini Europe (Heuertz i sur.. 2004), dok je diferencijacija između slovenskih populacija bila najmanja u Europi. Male razlike između populacija najvjerojatnije su rezultat učinkovitog širenja peludi i sjemena. Koeficijent inbridinga bio je posebno visok u sjemenskoj sastojini Rodik, što tumačimo umjetnim nastankom te sastojine iz reprodukcijskog materijala uske genetske baze. Iako rezultati indeksa broja alela i broja efektivnih alela kod analize malih uzorka mogu biti pristrani, prvi indeks za sjemensku sastojinu Rodik bio je ispod, a drugi iznad slovenskog prosjeka. Da bi izbjegli reprodukcijski materijal malog genetskog diverziteta u sjemenskoj sastojini Rodik, predlažemo sakupljanje sjemena sa što većeg broja stabala, koja su između sebe približno jednako udaljena, a sa svakog stabla sakupiti približno jednaku količinu sjemena. Indeksi A, AE, HO i HE za sjemensku sastojinu Grofija su iznad slovenskog prosjeka. Zbog manjeg genetskog diverziteta sastojina Razpotje nije odgovarajući kandidat za sjemensku sastojinu. Analizom genetske strukture utvrdili smo da sjemenska sastojina neautohtonog izvora Rodik pripada istom genetskom bazenu kao i ostale populacije. Unutar tog bazena reprodukcijski materijal običnog jasena može se prenositi, ako između populacija nema razlika u adaptaciji na uvjete okolina. Granice genetskog bazena možemo utvrditi uspoređivanjem rezultata genetskih analiza običnog jasena u sjevernoj Italiji i Bosni i Hercegovini pomoću standardizacije pozitivnih kontrola. Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata, koji nisu povezani sa adaptacijskim svojstvima, analizirane populacije su slične, što omogućava liberalan prijenos reprodukcijskog materijala unutar istraživanog areala/genetskog bazena. Istodobno potreban je poseban oprez kod prijenosa reprodukcijskog materijala iz Prekmurja u središnju Sloveniju, jer su u Prekmurju zapaženi hibridi između običnog i poljskog jasena (Westergren i sur., u pripremi). Prekmurske populacije nisu uključene u ovu studiju. Pri sakupljanju sjemena u sjemenskoj sastojini Rodik treba pratiti pravila dobre prakse produkcije sjemena

Morphological study of the leaves of two European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) populations in Slovenia

Background and Purpose: Conservation efforts across Europe and a substantial lack of information regarding the present status of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) in Slovenia led us to conduct this research. The objectives were to determine the presence of preserved native black poplar in Slovenia, to evaluate the variation within and between two selected populations, and to evaluate the condition of these populations, which is important for enabling their long-term gene pool conservation. Material and Methods: To determine the black poplar distribution, the national database of growing stock of tree species in sub-compartments was used. Species determination was based on standard determination keys and descriptors. To assess a variation, a morphological comparison of leaves from two black poplar populations from the Sava and Mura rivers was done, as well as a comparison with a Canadian poplar (Populus ´canadensis) clone. Material for analyses was taken from 38 trees, totalling 3811 leaves. Descriptive statistics, non parametric Mann-Whitney U-tests, discriminant analysis (DA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were used for data analyses. Results and Conclusions: The existence of well preserved European black poplar populations in Slovenia was confirmed. Sub-compartments that include black poplar in the growing stock cover 51 935.06 hectares, which represents 4.4% of the Slovenian forested area. Black poplar populations from the Sava and Mura sites differed significantly in morphological traits describing the lamina shape, while populations of black poplar and Canadian poplar differed mostly in petiole length and leaf apex shape. Variation within populations of black poplar was larger than between populations and variation of the Sava population was smaller than the Mura population. In the Mura population,only black poplar individuals were found, whereas 6 adult Canadian poplars of unknown origin were identified among black poplars in the Sava population. The recorded regeneration of black poplar was poor. Variation of the examined black poplar populations emphasizes the need to expand the research to other poplar populations in Slovenia and to start conservation activities as soon as possible

Genetic structure of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) seed stands in Slovenia

S pomočjo devetih mikrosatelitskih markerjev je bila proučevana genetska variabilnost divje češnje (Prunus avium L.) v Sloveniji. Analiza 312 dreves izštirih semenskih objektov je pokazala visoko genetsko variabilnost znotraj sestojev (HT = 0,749) in manjšo, vendar značilno variabilnost med sestoji (FST= 0,040G\u27ST = 0,137). V sestoju Vipavska brda je bil odkrit velik deleţ dreves vegetativnega izvora. Tako je bilo med 217 analiziranimi drevesi v sestoju potrjenih le 69 različnih genotipov. Ob upoštevanju dreves generativnega izvora kaţe sestoj Vipavska brda močno prostorsko-genetsko strukturo (SGS) (Sp = 0,031), z značilnim koeficientom sorodnosti v prvem razredu oddaljenosti (< 40 m). Z vključitvijo vseh dreves v analizo (generativni + vegetativni izvor) je intenziteta SGS v Vipavskih brdih še višja (Sp = 0,149), medtem ko je koeficient sorodnosti značilno različen od naključne razporeditve genotipov v sestoju do oddaljenosti 240 m. Analiza je pokazala, da so drevesa znotraj klonskih skupin močno prostorsko grupirana terda k prostorski \u27grupaciji\u27 posameznih klonov pripomorejo tudi gozdne poti,potoki in jarki, ki predstavljajo ovire razrasti korenin ter na ta način ovirajo vegetativno razmnoţevanje ob pomoči odganjkov iz korenin. V sestoju Vipavska brda so bile na posameznih lokusih odkrite somatske mutacije, kar dodatno povečuje kompleksnost genetske strukture omenjenega sestoja. Rezultati kažejo na pomembnost upoštevanja bioloških in genetskih lastnosti vrst pri gospodarjenju z gozdovi, še posebno pri izločanju semenskih objektov.Pri njihovem izločanju moramo paziti na ustrezno genetsko variabilnost in majhno sorodno povezanost med drevesi.Microsatellite markers were used to describe the genetic structure of four seed stands of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.). 312 individuals were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci. Total genetic diversity was high (HT = 0,749), while differences between stands were small but significant (FST = 0,040G\u27ST= 0,137). There was a significant amount of clonal reproduction in the Vipavska brda stand, with only 69 genotypes identified among 217 trees. In Vipavska brda a high overall spatial-genetic structure (SGS) (Sp = 0,031) was observed when only sexually derived genets were considered and the kinship coefficient was only significant in the first distance class (< 40 m). When both the generative and vegetative origin of trees were included, the intensity of the SGS in Vipavska brda increased (Sp = 0,149), while the kinship coefficient was significantly different from a random distribution of genotypes up to the 200-240 m distance class. We determined that the spatial grouping of clones in Vipavska brda was also affected by forest paths, streamsand ditches, which represent obstacles to root growth and consequently obstruct vegetative propagation via root suckers. In Vipavska brda evidence ofsomatic mutations within clonal groups were observed that further increased the complexity of the genetic structure in the stand. Our results demonstrate the importance of taking into account the biological and genetic characteristics of species in forest management, especially when determing newseed stands. They should be carefully selected and should possess adequate genetic variability to ensure low relatedness among seed trees

Variabilnost poljskega jesena (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) v Sloveniji

Poljski jesen (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) je v Sloveniji samonikla vrsta z deljenim arealom. Večji del areala obsega poplavna, obrečna nižinska rastišča v panonskem svetu in manjši del vlažna rastišča ob nekaterih rekah v sredozemskem svetu. Variabilnost poljskega jesena v Sloveniji je bila proučevana s pomočjo morfometrijske analize listov in plodov. V petih populacijah poljskega jesena (70 dreves) in primerjalne populacije velikega jesena (14 dreves) je bilo skupno analiziranih 5490 listov in 2440 plodov. Na posameznih listih, ki so bili glede osončenosti razdeljeni na sončne in senčne, je bilo merjenih 40 znakov, medtem ko je bilo na plodovih merjenih 9 znakov. S hierarhično zasnovanim poskusom je bil z analizo variance potrjen značilni prispevek vseh proučevanih nivojev. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da k variabilnosti listov pri poljskem jesenu največ prispevajo razlike med drevesiv posameznih populacijah, sledijo razlike med populacijami in razlike, ki so posledica različne osončenosti listov. Tako univariatne kot multivariatne statistične tehnike so pokazale, da so najboljši razlikovalni znaki med posameznimi populacijami znaki, ki se nanašajo na velikost listov. Znajmanjšimi listi izstopa populacija Dragonja, po večini morfoloških znakov tako na listih kot na plodovih pa ji je najbolj podobna populacija Lijak. Senčni listi so v primerjavi s sončnimi praviloma večji in imajo širše in boljna kratko zašiljene posamezne lističe, v čemer so zelo podobni listom velikega jesena. Na splošno so fenotipske razlike med subpanonskimi in submediteranskimi populacijami poljskega jesena majhne in neizrazite. Na osnovi odkritih razlik ni mogoče potrditi prisotnosti dveh podvrst poljskega jesena v Sloveniji.Narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) is a species native to Slovenia, where it has a divided range. Most of the range is located in floodprone riparian sites on the Pannonian plain but the species is also foundon humid sites along some rivers in the Mediterranean region. The variability of narrow-leaved ash in Slovenia was studied with morphometric analysis of leaves and fruits. In five populations of narrow-leaved ash (70 trees) and a population of common ash (14 trees) used for comparison, 5,490 leaves and 2,440 fruits/seeds were analysed. A total of 40 traits were measured on the leaves, which were divided depending on exposure to sunlight to sun and shade positions, and 9 traits on the fruits. A hierarchically designed experiment using analysis of variance confirmed the significant contribution of all the analysed hierarchical levels. The results show that the differences between the trees in a single population are the greatest factor of variability of leaves of narrow-leaved ash, followed by differences between populations and differences which are the result of variation in exposure to sunlight. Both univariate and multivariate statistical methods showed that the traits which refer to leaf size are the best differentiating traits between individual populations. The population Dragonja stands out withthe smallest leaves and the population Lijak is the most like it in terms of most morphological traits of leaves as well as fruits. Leaves in shade positions are typically larger than those in sunny positions, and they have broader and shorter-pointed leafletsin this feature they are very similar tothe leaves of common ash. In general, phenotypic differences between the Subpannonian and the Submediterranean populations of narrow-leaved ash are minor and indistinct. Based on the differences ascertained by the study, it isnot possible to confirm the presence of two subspecies of narrow-leaved ash in Slovenia

Analysis of the influece of ungulates on the regeneration of Dinaric fir-beech forests in the research site Trnovec in the Kočevje forest managementregion

In the period 1970-2000, 152 fenced-in areas were built in the Kočevje Forest Management Region with an aim to protect tree seedlings and saplings from ungulatesć activity and to monitor the influence of roe and red deer on natural regeneration. The average surface area of fenced areas is 0.71 ha. Using the pair comparison technique (fenced vs. unfenced areas), the structureand the composition of the natural regeneration of tree species as well as complete shrub and herb vegetation were analysed in the research site Trnovec. Furthermore, the vegetation was investigated using the Braun-Blanquetmethod. The research results show significant differences between fenced and unfenced areas, both in tree species composition and in theheight structure of the sapling community. In fenced areas the total numberof saplings taller than 50 cm is higher and an increase is also evident in the number of saplings of silver fir Abies alba, sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus, elm Ulmus glabra and other minor tree species. There are also significant differences in species composition and in the abundance of plant species in the herb layer. The results show that natural regeneration of Dinaric fir-beech forests is successful, provided the influence of ungulates is excluded