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Not AvailableDevelopment of reliable and ecofriendly green approach for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles biologically is an important step in the field of application of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The present paper reports the green approach for iron nanoparticle synthesis using Aspergillus oryzae TFR9 using FeCl3 as a precursor metal salt. Valid characterization techniques employed for biosynthesized iron nanoparticles including dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) for morphological study. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum confirmed the presence of elemental iron signal in high percentage. Apart from ecofriendliness and easy availability, low-cost biomass production will be more advantageous when compared to other chemical methods. Biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles using fungus has greater commercial viability that it may be used in agriculture, biomedicals and engineering sector.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA new method for estimation of resin phosphorus (P) in arid soils was developed. Four extractants [hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and sodium bicarbonate] at various concentrations were used by different ion exchange resins. The results clearly showed HCl was the best extractant at 1.0 N concentration and that 6 h was the optimum time for more adsorption. The optimum adsorption and extraction occurred at 200 rpm and 75 rpm, respectively. Basic anion exchange resin in chloride form was the best resin for P mobilization. A strong correlation (P < 0.001) with the P uptake by different arid crops (pearl millet, clusterbean) was observed. Resin P showed correlation with soil total P (P < 0.001), available and mineral P (P < 0.01), and soil organic P (P < 0.05). The present method for resin-P estimation is found to be an important tool to determine plant P availability and available soil P status under arid environments.Not Availabl

Rapid, Low-Cost, and Ecofriendly Approach for Iron Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Aspergillus oryzae TFR9

Development of reliable and ecofriendly green approach for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles biologically is an important step in the field of application of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The present paper reports the green approach for iron nanoparticle synthesis using Aspergillus oryzae TFR9 using FeCl3 as a precursor metal salt. Valid characterization techniques employed for biosynthesized iron nanoparticles including dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) for morphological study. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum confirmed the presence of elemental iron signal in high percentage. Apart from ecofriendliness and easy availability, low-cost biomass production will be more advantageous when compared to other chemical methods. Biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles using fungus has greater commercial viability that it may be used in agriculture, biomedicals and engineering sector

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Not AvailableDevelopment of reliable and ecofriendly green approach for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles biologically is an important step in the field of application of nanoscience and nanotechnology.The present paper reports the green approach for iron nanoparticle synthesis using Aspergillus oryzae TFR9 using FeCl3 as a precursor metal salt. Valid characterization techniques employed for biosynthesized iron nanoparticles including dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) for morphological study. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum confirmed the presence of elemental iron signal in high percentage. Apart from ecofriendliness and easy availability, low-cost biomass production will be more advantageous when compared to other chemical methods. Biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles using fungus has greater commercial viability that it may be used in agriculture, biomedicals and engineering sector.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe amount of saponin accumulated in the tuber of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) was evaluated with or without mycorrhizal inoculation in a green house experiment conducted over a 270 days period. Differences in the saponin concentration and the total amount in tuber between the treatment and between the developmental stages were examined. The mycorrizal treatment included three species viz Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae. The amount of saponin accumulated in tuber increased with growth and it was under maximum Glomus mosseae infected plant. Mycorrhizal inoculated compared to non inoculated plants resulted up to 25-fold improvement in saponin content at critical growth stage (45 days) and up to 4-fold improvement at crop harvest i.e. 270 days. Glomus mosseae was found to be most efficient mycorrhizal species. The present results suggest the possibility to stimulate the saponin content by treating the tubers with mycorrhizal inoculation, which improved the therapeutic value of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) tubers.Not Availabl

Enhancing the Mobilization of Native Phosphorus in the Mung Bean Rhizosphere Using ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Soil Fungi

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting factor to plant growth and productivity in almost half of the world’s arable soil, and its uptake in plants is often constrained because of its low solubility in the soil. To avoid repeated and large quantity application of rock phosphate as a P fertilizer and enhance the availability of native P acquisition by the plant root surface, in this study a biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticle was used. Zn acts as a cofactor for P-solubilizing enzymes such as phosphatase and phytase, and nano ZnO increased their activity between 84 and 108%. The level of resultant P uptake in mung bean increased by 10.8%. In addition, biosynthesized ZnO also improves plant phenology such as stem height, root volume, and biochemical indicators such as leaf protein and chlorophyll contents. In the rhizosphere, increased chlorophyll content and root volume attract microbial populations that maintain soil biological health. ICP-MS results showed ZnO nanoparticles were distributed in all plant parts, including seeds. However, the concentration of Zn was within the limit of the dietary recommendation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first holistic study focusing on native P mobilization using ZnO nanoparticles in the life cycle of mung bean plants

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Not AvailableArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Ailanthus excelsa Roxb (Ardu) were assessed for their qualitative and quantitative distribution from eight districts of Rajasthan. A total of three species of Acaulospora, two species of Gigaspora, fourteen species of Glomus, four species of Sclerocystis and two species of Scutellospora were recorded. A high diversity of AM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these five genera, Glomus occurred most frequently. Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi in infecting A. excelsa. G. fasciculatum, Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Gigaspora species and Scutellospora species were found only in few sites. The maximum number (22) of AM fungal species were isolated and identified from Sikar whereas, only ten species (10) were found from Nagaur. The spore density was varied between 195 to 682 propagules (100 g-1) soil. The percent root colonization was varied (47 to 79 %) from place to place. The pH of study area was ranged between 7.82 to 8.79; EC was recorded from 0.13 to 0.62 (dSm-1); Percent OC ranged from 0.22 to 0.39 and available P content varied from 4.1 to 5.36 mg kg-1 for A. excelsa. A significant correlation of AM population was observed with root colonization, percent organic carbon and pH while other variables under study had a non-significant correlation with total AM population.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Acacia nilotica subsp. indica (Babul) were assessed for their qualitative andquantitative distribution from nine districts of Rajasthan. A total of one species of Acaulospora, two species of Gigaspora,seventeen species of Glomus, four species of Sclerocystis and two species of Scutellospora were recorded. A high diversity ofAM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these five genera, Glomus occurred most frequently. Glomusfasciculatum,G. aggregatum, and G. mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi in infecting A. nilotica subsp.indica.G. fasciculatum,Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Gigaspora species and Scutellospora species werefound only in few sites. The more number (26) of AM fungal species were isolated and identified from Pali whereas, only elevenspecies (11) were found from Barmer. The spore density was varied between 163 to 480 propagules (100 g-1) soil. The per centroot colonization was varied (40 to 78 %) from place to place. The pH of study area was ranged between 7.58 to 8.69; EC wasrecorded from 0.09 to 0.73 (dSm-1); per cent OC ranged from 0.09 to 0.50 and available P content varied from 3.81 to 5.12 mg kg-1for A. nilotica subsp. indica. A significant correlation of AM population was observed with root colonization and per centorganic carbon while other variables studies had a non-significant correlation with total AM populationNot Availabl

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Not AvailableCarbon, phosphorus and potassium stock for a meter soil profile were determined in 2002 for a 22860 km2 area under pearl millet (pm) -pearl millet (pm) (pennisetum americanum Linn.) cropping system and the results were compared with the database of 1975. The influence of alternate land use systems on organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium density under the similar set of conditions was also evaluated. Soil organic cabon (SOC), phosphorus, and potassium stocks were depleted by 9.7, 17.1, and 9.0% from 1975 to 2002. Typic Torripsamment (19.7%) and Lithic Torriorthents (17.7%) suffered from the highest SOC loss, while coarse loamy, Typic Haplocambids registered the lowest (0.9%) SOC depletion. Equivalent CO2 emission was 11.5 Tg, while 0.37 Tg CO2 was sequestered as inorganic carbon. Trends of phosphorus and potassium depletion was similar to that of SOC. Silvipasture, Silviculture, agroforestry and pearl millet-legume sequence on Typic Torripsamments from last thirty years at CAZRI Research Farm contained 185,141,121, and 50% higher SOC and could sequester 9.6, 7.4, 6.3 and 2.6 kg=m2 higher CO2, respectively than the similar soils used for pm-pm sequence. Potassium depletion and phosphorus accumulations were significantly higher in pm-legume than other land use systems. Cropping intensity, fertilizer application, soil texture, initial organic carbon, organic residue recycled and period of canopy cover alone or in combination explained the extent of variation. The study reveals that silvipasture and silviculture are the better option for increasing SOC sequestration. Agroforestry and pearl millet-legume sequence may be grown for arresting SOC and nutrient depletion.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Acacia nilotica subsp. cupressiformis (kabulikikar, ramkanta and ramkati babul) were assessed for their qualitative and quantitative distribution from five districts of Rajasthan. A total of two species of Acaulospora, two species of Gigaspora, fourteen species of Glomus, three species of Sclerocystis and two species of Scutellospora were recorded. A high diversity of AM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these five genera, Glomus occurred most frequently.Glomus fasciculatum, G. aggregatum, and G. mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi in infecting A. nilotica subsp. cupressiformis. G. fasciculatum, Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Gigaspora species and Scutellospora species were found only in few sites. The more number (22) of AM fungal species were isolated and identified from Pali whereas, only thirteen species were found from Nagaur. The total three species of Sclerocystis were identified, Sclerocystis sinuosa reported from Jodhpur, Nagaur, Sikar, Pali and Sirohi. The spore density was varied between 178 to 500 propagules (100 g-1 ) soil. The per cent root colonization was varied (48 to 79 %) from place to place.The pH of study area was ranged between 8.01 to 8.65; EC was recorded from 0.10 to 0.44 (dSm-1 ); per cent OC ranged from 0.27 to 0.39 and available P content varied from 3.44 to 5.48 mg kg-1 for A. nilotica subsp. cupressiformis. A significant correlation of AM population was observed with root colonization and per cent organic carbon while other variables studied had a non-significant correlation with total AM population.Not Availabl