Cardiovascular, Antinociceptive and Sedative Effects of Medetomidine Infusion in Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Puppies

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a constant rate infusion of medetomidine in the cortical brain activity and hemodynamic parameters in sevoflurane anesthetized puppies. Six puppies of the age of two weeks old were included in the study and were anaesthetized three times with sevoflurane. On the first anesthesia, each dog’s minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for sevoflurane was determined by the use of the tail clamp method. On the second anesthesia (sevoflurane), the puppies were anesthetized at each of five multiples of their individual’s MAC, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.75 MAC, and bispectral index and cardiorespiratory parameters were registered. On the third anesthesia (sevoflurane+ medetomidine), puppies were anesthetized at each of five multiples of their individual’s MAC, and medetomidine (5 µg/kg+2µg/kg/h) was administered. Mild cardiovascular depression was observed in sevoflurane+medetomidine in comparison with sevoflurane. Cortical and antinociceptive effects were not observed with medetomidine infusion although a mature EEG response to noxious stimulation would not have developed in puppies. Central alpha-2 adrenoreceptors would be immature in puppies during the first two weeks of life, and for this reason, medetomidine would not produce sedative and analgesic effects in young puppies. More studies have to be performed to support this statement

Enrichment of trace elements in the clay size fraction of mining soils

Reactive waste dumps with sulfide minerals pro- 14 mote acid mine drainage (AMD), which results in water and 15 soil contamination by metals and metalloids. In these systems, 16 contamination is regulated by many factors, such as mineral- 17 ogical composition of soil and the presence of sorption sites 18 on specific mineral phases. So, the present study dedicates 19 itself to understanding the distribution of trace elements in 20 different size fractions (<2-mm and <2-μm fractions) of min- 21 ing soils and to evaluate the relationship between chemical 22 and mineralogical composition. Cerdeirinha and Penedono, 23 located in Portugal, were the waste dumps under study. The 24 results revealed that the two waste dumps have high degree of 25 contamination by metals and arsenic and that these elements 26 are concentrated in the clay size fraction. Hence, the higher 27 degree of contamination by toxic elements, especially arsenic 28 in Penedono as well as the role of clay minerals, jarosite, and 29 goethite in retaining trace elements has management implica- 30 tions. Such information must be carefully thought in the reha- 31 bilitation projects to be planned for both waste dumps

统计方法计算受Iberian黄铁矿带酸性废水影响的水库污染物运移速度

The El Sancho reservoir is located in the Odiel River basin, which crosses the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The reservoir receives acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Meca River, a tributary of the Odiel River. Two multi-parameter probes, one placed at the tail (up-gradient) end of the reservoir, where the contaminants enter, and another close to the reservoir dam were used to characterize acidity migration through the Sancho reservoir. The probes both measured pH and conductivity every 30 min. Two different levels of contamination were found, due to dilution that takes place within the reservoir and changes in the AMD composition. The cross-correlation function allowed quantification of the migration process from tail to dam. For both pH and conductivity, the maximum correlation occurred 17 days after sampling, indicating a mean transit time of 17 days. Since the distance between the two sampling points was 14,500 m, the contaminant transit speed was 0.0098 m/s.Das El Sancho Reservoir ist im Odiel Flussbecken, welches den Iberischen Pyritgürtel durchquert. Das Reservoir erhält die sauren Wässer (AMD) über den Meca River, einem Nebenfluss des Odiel Fluss. Zwei Multiparameter-Sonden wrden verwendet. Eine wurde am Auslauf des Reservoirs, in welches die Schadstoffe eingeleitet werden und eine andere in der Nähe der Staumauer platziert. Die Säure Migration durch die Sancho Reservoir soll damit charakterisiert werden. Die Sonden messen pH und Leitfähigkeit alle 30 Minuten. Zwei verschiedene Kontaminationslevel aufgrund der Verdünnung im Reservoir und damit den Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung des AMD wurden gefunden. Die Kreuzkorrelationsfunktion erlaubt die Quantifizierung des Migrationsprozesses vom Ablauf zum Damm. Sowohl für pH und Leitfähigkeit trat die maximale Korrelation 17 Tage nach der Messung auf. Dies weist auf eine mittlere Durchgangszeit von 17 Tagen hin. Da der Abstand zwischen den zwei Abtastpunkten war 14.500 m. Die Durchlaufgeschwindigkeit der Schadstoffe betrug im Mittel 0,0098 m/s.El reservorio El Sancho está localizado en la cuenca del río Odiel que atraviesa el cinturón ibérico de pirita. El reservorio recibe drenaje ácido de mina (AMD) del río River, que es un tributario del río Odiel. Se utilizaron dos sondas multiparamétricas, una ubicada a la altura de las colas (gradiente arriba) donde los contaminantes entran y la otra ubicada cerca del dique del reservorio, para caracterizar la migración de la acidez a través del reservorio El Sancho. Las sondas midieron pH y conductividad cada 30 minutos. Se encontraron dos diferentes niveles de contaminación debido a la dilución que tiene lugar dentro del reservorio y a los cambios en la composición del AMD. La función de correlación cruzada permitió la cuantificación del proceso de migración desde la cola hasta el dique. La máxima correlación entre pH y conductividad en ambos puntos ocurrió 17 días después del muestreo, indicando un tiempo de tránsito medio de 17 días. Como la distancia entre los dos puntos de muestreo fue 14.500 m, la velocidad de tránsito de contaminantes fue 0,0098 m/s.El Sancho水库位于Odiel流域,Odiel河穿过Iberian黄铁矿带。来自Iberian的酸性废水(AMD)从Odiel河的支流Meca河汇入El Sancho水库。利用两个多参数探头监测库内酸度的迁移,一个探头位于污染物汇入侧的水库边缘,另一个探头位于库内大坝附近。两个探头每30分钟记录一次pH值和电导率。由于水库稀释和AMD成分变化,库内水污染表现为两个污染水平。交叉相关分析能够用以定量推算污染物自水库边至库中大坝的运移过程。pH值与电导率滞后取样17天达到最大相关,表明污染物的平均运移时间为17天。两个取样点间距为14500 m,因此污染物运移速度为0.0098 m/s.The authors acknowledge financial support provided by the DGCICYT National Plan, Project CGL2010-21268-C02-01 and the Andalusian Autonomous Government Excellence Projects, Project P10-RNM-6570.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Health at the time of Native-European contact in Southern Patagonia: First steps, results, and prospects

The objective of this paper is to present the first steps into the study of health in southern Patagonia during pre and post Native-European contact. Thus, our work has a double purpose. First, to discuss characteristics and relevance of human bone records of southern Patagonia, in order to study health in a population context. Second, to show some new lines of information, which include paleoparasitology, nutritional paleopathologies, and the study of lifestyles from human remains. In this context, we have started working on the first Spanish settlement "Nombre de Jesus", founded in 1584, and with historical documentation of "La Candelaria" Mission in Rio Grande (1896-1931)