Imagining the Future of the Internal Combustion Engine for Ground Transport in the Current Context

[EN] Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are the main propulsion systems for ground transport, both in on-road and off-road applications. By mid-2016, a special issue about ICEs for ground transport was announced, corresponding to this editorial. At this time, the forecast consensus was that it is not possible to replace ICEs in the powertrain of the majority of vehicles in the forthcoming decades, even considering the growth of plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. The arguments for this consensus included the increasing demand of transport; the steep development of cleaner and more efficient ICEs; the availability of fossil fuels at good prices; and the high energy density of conventional fuels. Altogether, there seemed to be enough arguments supporting ICEs as the leading power plants propelling transport fleets worldwide. In the last half year, the situation has changed. Mass-media are claiming the death of ICEs in the midterm. Political speakers of several G7 countries, such as France and the UK, have announced banning ICEs in their markets, in some cases as early as 2040. Big cities such as London, Paris, Madrid, and Berlin are considering severe limits on ICEs in their streets. What analysis can be taken from this situation?Serrano, J. (2017). Imagining the Future of the Internal Combustion Engine for Ground Transport in the Current Context. Applied Sciences (Basel). 7(10):1-5. doi:10.3390/app7101001S1571

Overview of Clean Automotive Thermal Propulsion Options for India to 2030

[EN] This paper presents the evaluation of near-future advanced internal combustion engine technologies to reach near zero-emission in vehicles with in the Indian market. Extensive research was carried out to propose the rationalise the most promising, new ICE technologies which can be implemented in the vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions until the year 2030. A total of six technologies were considered that could be implemented in the Indian market. An initial market survey was carried out on the Indian automotive industry and electric vehicles in India, followed by an in-depth analysis and understanding of each technology through literature review. The main aim of the paper was to construct methods for a successful implementation of clean ICE technologies in the near future and to, also, predict a percentage reduction of CO2 tailpipe emissions from the vehicles. To do this, different objectives were laid out with a view to reducing the tailpipe CO2 emissions. Especially with the recent and legitimate focus on climate change in the world, this study aims to provide practical solutions pathway for India. Widespread research was carried out on all six technologies proposed within the automotive market in India and a set of main graphs represent CO2 emission reduction starting from 2020 until 2030. A significant reduction of CO2 was observed in the graph plot at the end of the paper and the technologies were successfully implemented for the Indian market to curb tailpipe CO2 emissions. A methodology based on calculating the vehicle fuel consumption was implemented and a graph was plotted showing the reduction of CO2 emissions until 2030. The starting point of the graph is 2020, when BS-VI comes into effect in India (April 2020). The CO2 limit taken into consideration here has been defined by the Government at 113 CO2 g/km. The paper fulfilled the aim of predicting the effects of implementing the technologies and the subsequent reductions of CO2 emissions for India.Gohil, DB.; Pesyridis, A.; Serrano, J. (2020). Overview of Clean Automotive Thermal Propulsion Options for India to 2030. Applied Sciences. 10(10):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103604S1291010Serrano, J. (2017). Imagining the Future of the Internal Combustion Engine for Ground Transport in the Current Context. Applied Sciences, 7(10), 1001. doi:10.3390/app7101001The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/aug/10/electric-cars-big-battery-waste-problem-lithium-recyclingTechnical Regulations, Emission Normshttp://www.siamindia.com/technical-regulation.aspx?mpgid=31&pgidtrail=33Diesel Nethttps://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Kraftfahrzeug- und Motorentechnik e.Vhttps://www.wkm-ev.de/de/aktuelles.html14 of World’s 15 Most Polluted Cities in Indiahttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/14-of-worlds-15-most-polluted-cities-in-india/articleshow/63993356.cmsCO2 Emissions from Transport (% of Total Fuel Combustion)https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.CO2.TRAN.ZS?end=2014&locations=IN&name_desc=false&start=1971&view=chartHow India can Drive Towards and Emission Free Futurehttps://www.autocarpro.in/opinion-column/how-india-can-drive-towards-an-emissionfree-future-41288SIAM Welcomes PM Modi’s Assurance on Co-Existence of ICE Vehicles and EVshttps://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/siam-welcomes-pm-modis-assurance-on-co-existence-of-ice-vehicles-and-evs/70673440Springer Link: Lifetime CO2 Emissions in Different Indian Vehicleshttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1365/s40112-015-1005-7Bernstein, L., Lee, A., & Crookshank, S. (2006). Carbon dioxide capture and storage: a status report. Climate Policy, 6(2), 241-246. doi:10.1080/14693062.2006.9685598International Transport Forumhttps://www.itf-oecd.org/lower-carbon-technologies-road-freight-transportIPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storagehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/239877190_IPCC_Special_Report_on_Carbon_dioxide_Capture_and_StorageCarbon Capture Storage Technology and Indiahttps://en.reset.org/knowledge/carbon-capture-storage-technology-and-indiaZEROCO2 Energy & Climate Change—Policy and Progresshttp://www.zeroco2.no/projects/countries/indiaThe Third Polehttps://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2018/10/29/india-seeking-ways-to-limit-climate-change-after-ipcc-report/Kapila, R. V., & Stuart Haszeldine, R. (2009). Opportunities in India for Carbon Capture and Storage as a form of climate change mitigation. Energy Procedia, 1(1), 4527-4534. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.271Avaritsioti, E. (2016). Environmental and Economic Benefits of Car Exhaust Heat Recovery. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 1003-1012. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.080Dong, G., Morgan, R. E., & Heikal, M. R. (2016). Thermodynamic analysis and system design of a novel split cycle engine concept. Energy, 102, 576-585. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.102Morgan, R. E., Jackson, N., Atkins, A., dong, G., Heikal, M., & lenartowicz, C. (2017). The Recuperated Split Cycle - Experimental Combustion Data from a Single Cylinder Test Rig. SAE International Journal of Engines, 10(5), 2596-2605. doi:10.4271/2017-24-0169Description of a Novel Concentric Rotary Enginehttps://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2018-01-0365/Sae Mobilushttps://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0325Tang, H., Pennycott, A., Akehurst, S., & Brace, C. J. (2014). A review of the application of variable geometry turbines to the downsized gasoline engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 16(6), 810-825. doi:10.1177/1468087414552289Pachiannan, T., Zhong, W., Rajkumar, S., He, Z., Leng, X., & Wang, Q. (2019). A literature review of fuel effects on performance and emission characteristics of low-temperature combustion strategies. Applied Energy, 251, 113380. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113380Ramesh, N., & Mallikarjuna, J. M. (2016). Evaluation of in-cylinder mixture homogeneity in a diesel HCCI engine – A CFD analysis. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 19(2), 917-925. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2015.11.013Benajes, J., García-Oliver, J. M., Novella, R., & Kolodziej, C. (2012). Increased particle emissions from early fuel injection timing Diesel low temperature combustion. Fuel, 94, 184-190. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.09.014Rajkumar, S., & Thangaraja, J. (2019). Effect of biodiesel, biodiesel binary blends, hydrogenated biodiesel and injection parameters on NOx and soot emissions in a turbocharged diesel engine. Fuel, 240, 101-118. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.11.141Jin, C., & Zheng, Z. (2015). A Review on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition and Low Temperature Combustion by Optical Diagnostics. Journal of Chemistry, 2015, 1-23. doi:10.1155/2015/910348Dev, S., B Chaudhari, H., Gothekar, S., Juttu, S., Harishchandra Walke, N., & Marathe, N. V. (2017). Review on Advanced Low Temperature Combustion Approach for BS VI. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2017-26-0042Stanton, D. W. (2013). Systematic Development of Highly Efficient and Clean Engines to Meet Future Commercial Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Regulations. SAE International Journal of Engines, 6(3), 1395-1480. doi:10.4271/2013-01-2421Boretti, A., & Al-Zubaidy, S. (2016). E-KERS Energy Management Crucial to Improved Fuel Economy. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2016-01-1947Metz, L. D. (2013). Potential for Passenger Car Energy Recovery through the Use of Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS). SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2013-01-0407Kim, J. S., Kim, S. M., Jeong, J. H., Jeong, S. C., & Lee, J. W. (2016). Effect of regenerative braking energy on battery current balance in a parallel hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle under FTP-75 driving mode. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 17(5), 865-872. doi:10.1007/s12239-016-0084-zBoretti, A. (2010). Improvements of Vehicle Fuel Economy Using Mechanical Regenerative Braking. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2010-01-1683Clarke, P., Muneer, T., & Cullinane, K. (2010). Cutting vehicle emissions with regenerative braking. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 15(3), 160-167. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.11.002Commercial Fleethttps://www.commercialfleet.org/news/truck-news/2015/09/02/kers-system-developed-for-road-freight-trucksAggarwal, P., & Jain, S. (2016). Energy demand and CO2 emissions from urban on-road transport in Delhi: current and future projections under various policy measures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 128, 48-61. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.012Kanikdale, T., & Venugopal, S. (2015). Future Scenarios for Automotive Engines in India. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2015-26-0034Saidur, R., Rezaei, M., Muzammil, W. K., Hassan, M. H., Paria, S., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2012). Technologies to recover exhaust heat from internal combustion engines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(8), 5649-5659. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.018Arsie, I., Cricchio, A., Pianese, C., De Cesare, M., & Nesci, W. (2014). A Comprehensive Powertrain Model to Evaluate the Benefits of Electric Turbo Compound (ETC) in Reducing CO2 Emissions from Small Diesel Passenger Cars. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1650EcoScorehttp://ecoscore.be/en/info/ecoscore/co2CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissionshttps://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emission

High efficiency two stroke opposed piston engine for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications: evaluation under homologation and real driving conditions

[EN] The potential of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions highly depends on the vehicle usage and electricity source. In addition, the high costs of the battery pack and electric components suppose a challenge to the vehicle manufacturers. However, the internal combustion engine complexity can be reduced due to its lower use as compared to the no-hybrid vehicles. This work evaluates the use of a new opposed piston 2-stroke engine, based on rod-less innovative kinematics, in a series PHEV architecture based on rod-less innovative kinematics along different driving routes in Europe. A 0D-vehicle model fed with experimental tests is used. The battery size is optimized under homologation conditions for two different vehicle types. The optimum case is tested in several real driving conditions under different vehicle modes and battery states of charge. The main contribution of this work is the demonstration of the potential to reduce the vehicle CO2 emissions and cost with an innovative 2-stroke engine. The results show that 24 kWh is the optimum battery size for both vehicle platforms. Charge depleting mode shows 70% of CO2 tailpipe reduction in urban cycles and 22% in long travels compared to the no-hybrid version. Charge sustaining mode results show a CO2 tailpipe reduction of 20% in urban cycles and 2% in long distance travels with respect to the no-hybrid version. In spite of the CO2 contribution of the battery manufacturing, the results show a reduction of LCA CO2 emissions in 52% in charge depleting and 7% charge sustaining against the no-hybrid case.This work has been partially supported by "Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana" through grant number GV/2020/017. The authors acknowledge FEDER and Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad for partially supporting this research through TRANCO project (TRA2017-87694-R). The authors want to thank INNengine for providing the engine and the help in the experimental campaign. Lastly, acknowledge to Gamma Technologies for the numerical simulation support and provide the GT-RealDrive licensesSerrano, J.; García Martínez, A.; Monsalve-Serrano, J.; Martínez-Boggio, SD. (2021). High efficiency two stroke opposed piston engine for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications: evaluation under homologation and real driving conditions. Applied Energy. 282(Part A):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116078S117282Part

Fuel consumption and aftertreatment thermal management synergy in compression ignition engines at variable altitude and ambient temperature

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting,and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211035015[EN] New regulations applied to the transportation sector are widening the operation range where the pollutant emissions are evaluated. Besides ambient temperature, the driving altitude is also considered to reduce the gap between regulated and real-life emissions. The altitude effect on the engine performance is usually overcome by acting on the turbocharger control. The traditional strategy assumes to keep (or even to increase) the boost pressure, that is, compressor pressure ratio increase, as the altitude is increased to offset the ambient density reduction, followed by the reduction of the exhaust gas recirculation to reach the targeted engine torque. However, this is done at the expense of an increase on fuel consumption and emissions. This work remarks experimentally the importance of a detailed understanding of the effects of the boost pressure and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (LP-EGR) settings when the engine runs low partial loads at different altitudes, accounting for extreme warm and cold ambient temperatures. The experimental results allow defining and justifying clear guidelines for an optimal engine calibration. Opposite to traditional strategies, a proper calibration of the boost pressure and LP-EGR enables reductions in specific fuel consumption along with the gas temperature increase at the exhaust aftertreatment system.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation from the Government of Spain through project PID2020-114289RB-I00. Additionally, the Ph.D. student Barbara Diesel has been funded by a grant from the Government of Generalitat Valenciana with reference ACIF/2018/109.Bermúdez, V.; Serrano, J.; Piqueras, P.; Diesel, B. (2022). Fuel consumption and aftertreatment thermal management synergy in compression ignition engines at variable altitude and ambient temperature. International Journal of Engine Research. 23(11):1954-1966. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087421103501519541966231

Multi-region System Modelling by using Genetic Programming to Extract Rule Consequent Functions in a TSK Fuzzy System

[EN] This paper aims to build a fuzzy system by means of genetic programming, which is used to extract the relevant function for each rule consequent through symbolic regression. The employed TSK fuzzy system is complemented with a variational Bayesian Gaussian mixture clustering method, which identifies the domain partition, simultaneously specifying the number of rules as well as the parameters in the fuzzy sets. The genetic programming approach is accompanied with an orthogonal least square algorithm, to extract robust rule consequent functions for the fuzzy system. The proposed model is validated with a synthetic surface, and then with real data from a gas turbine compressor map case, which is compared with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model. The results have demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed approach for modelling system with small data or bifurcating dynamics, where the analytical equations are not available, such as those in a typical industrial setting.Research supported by EPSRC Grant EVES (EP/R029741/1).Zhang, Y.; Martínez-García, M.; Serrano, J.; Latimer, A. (2019). Multi-region System Modelling by using Genetic Programming to Extract Rule Consequent Functions in a TSK Fuzzy System. IEEE. 987-992. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICARM.2019.8834163S98799

Analysis of heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine response under cold transient operation with a pre-turbo aftertreatment exhaust manifold configuration

Diesel particulate filters are the most useful technology to reduce particulate matter from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines. Although these devices have suffered an intense development in terms of the management of filtration and regeneration, the effect of the system location on the engine performance is still a key issue that needs to be properly addressed. The present work is focused on a computational study regarding the effects of a pre-turbo aftertreatment placement under full and partial load transient operation at constant engine speed and low wall temperature along the exhaust line. The aim of the paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the engine response to define the guidelines of a control strategy that is able to get the standards of engine driveability during sudden accelerations under restraining thermal transient conditions governed by the aftertreatment thermal inertia. The proposed strategy overcomes the lack of temperature at the inlet of the turbine caused by the thermal transient by means of the boost and EGR control. It leads to a proper management of the power in the exhaust gas for the expansion in the turbine.This work was partially supported by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [grant number INNOVA 2011-3182].Bermúdez, V.; Serrano, J.; Piqueras, P.; García Afonso, Ó. (2013). Analysis of heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine response under cold transient operation with a pre-turbo aftertreatment exhaust manifold configuration. International Journal of Engine Research. 14(4):341-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087412457670S341353144Payri, F., Pastor, J. V., Pastor, J. M., & Juliá, J. E. (2006). Diesel Spray Analysis by Means of Planar Laser-Induced Exciplex Fluorescence. International Journal of Engine Research, 7(1), 77-89. doi:10.1243/146808705x27723Torregrosa, A. J., Broatch, A., Margot, X., Marant, V., & Beauge, Y. (2004). Combustion chamber resonances in direct injection automotive diesel engines: A numerical approach. International Journal of Engine Research, 5(1), 83-91. doi:10.1243/146808704772914264Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Dolz, V., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Methodology for characterisation and simulation of turbocharged diesel engines combustion during transient operation. Part 1: Data acquisition and post-processing. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(1), 142-149. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.02.011Serrano, J. R., Climent, H., Guardiola, C., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Methodology for characterisation and simulation of turbocharged diesel engines combustion during transient operation. Part 2: Phenomenological combustion simulation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(1), 150-158. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.02.010Rakopoulos, C. D., Dimaratos, A. M., Giakoumis, E. G., & Rakopoulos, D. C. (2009). Evaluation of the effect of engine, load and turbocharger parameters on transient emissions of diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(9), 2381-2393. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.05.022Rakopoulos, C. D., Dimaratos, A. M., Giakoumis, E. G., & Rakopoulos, D. C. (2010). Investigating the emissions during acceleration of a turbocharged diesel engine operating with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends. Energy, 35(12), 5173-5184. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.049Ishikawa, N. (2012). A study on emissions improvement of a diesel engine equipped with a mechanical supercharger. International Journal of Engine Research, 13(2), 99-107. doi:10.1177/1468087411434885Desantes, J. M., Luján, J. M., Pla, B., & Soler, J. A. (2012). On the combination of high-pressure and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation loops for improved fuel economy and reduced emissions in high-speed direct-injection engines. International Journal of Engine Research, 14(1), 3-11. doi:10.1177/1468087412437623Johnson, T. V. (2009). Review of diesel emissions and control. International Journal of Engine Research, 10(5), 275-285. doi:10.1243/14680874jer04009Tourlonias, P., & Koltsakis, G. (2011). Model-based comparative study of Euro 6 diesel aftertreatment concepts, focusing on fuel consumption. International Journal of Engine Research, 12(3), 238-251. doi:10.1177/1468087411405104Bermúdez, V., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, O. (2011). Assessment by means of gas dynamic modelling of a pre-turbo diesel particulate filter configuration in a turbocharged HSDI diesel engine under full-load transient operation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 225(9), 1134-1155. doi:10.1177/0954407011402278Payri, F., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, O. (2011). Performance Analysis of a Turbocharged Heavy Duty Diesel Engine with a Pre-turbo Diesel Particulate Filter Configuration. SAE International Journal of Engines, 4(2), 2559-2575. doi:10.4271/2011-37-0004Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Description of a Semi-Independent Time Discretization Methodology for a One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics Model. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131(3). doi:10.1115/1.2983015Torregrosa, A. J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2011). A fluid dynamic model for unsteady compressible flow in wall-flow diesel particulate filters. Energy, 36(1), 671-684. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.047Desantes, J. M., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2012). Derivation of the method of characteristics for the fluid dynamic solution of flow advection along porous wall channels. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(7), 3134-3152. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2011.09.090Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, Ó. (2012). Heat transfer modelling in honeycomb wall-flow diesel particulate filters. Energy, 43(1), 201-213. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.04

Design, Optimization, and Analysis of Supersonic Radial Turbines

[EN] New compact engine architectures such as pressure gain combustion require ad hoc turbomachinery to ensure an adequate range of operation with high performance. A critical factor for supersonic turbines is to ensure the starting of the flow passages, which limits the flow turning and airfoil thickness. Radial outflow turbines inherently increase the cross section along the flow path, which holds great potential for high turning of supersonic flow with a low stage number and guarantees a compact design. First, the preliminary design space is described. Afterward a differential evolution multi-objective optimization with 12 geometrical design parameters is deducted. With the design tool autoblade 10.1, 768 geometries were generated and hub, shroud, and blade camber line were designed by means of Bezier curves. Outlet radius, passage height, and axial location of the outlet were design variables as well. Structured meshes with around 3.7 x 10(6) cells per passage were generated. Steady three-dimensional (3D) Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations, enclosed by the k-omega shear stress transport turbulence model were solved by the commercial solver CFD++. The geometry was optimized toward low entropy and high-power output. To prove the functionality of the new turbine concept and optimization, a full wheel unsteady RANS simulation of the optimized geometry exposed to a nozzled rotating detonation combustor (RDC) has been performed and the advantageous flow patterns of the optimization were also observed during transient operation.National Energy Technology Laboratory (Faculty Research Participation Program) (Funder ID: 10.13039/100013165). Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant No. TRA2016-7918-R). Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Travel Grant). U.S. Department of Energy (Part-Time Faculty Appointment, Funder ID: 10.13039/100000015)Inhestern, LB.; Braun, J.; Paniagua, G.; Serrano, J. (2020). Design, Optimization, and Analysis of Supersonic Radial Turbines. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 142(3):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044972S1121423Sousa, J., Braun, J., & Paniagua, G. (2017). Development of a fast evaluation tool for rotating detonation combustors. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 52, 42-52. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2017.07.019Heiser, W. H., & Pratt, D. T. (2002). Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis of Pulse Detonation Engines. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 18(1), 68-76. doi:10.2514/2.5899Braun, J., Saracoglu, B. H., & Paniagua, G. (2017). Unsteady Performance of Rotating Detonation Engines with Different Exhaust Nozzles. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 33(1), 121-130. doi:10.2514/1.b36164Nakagami, S., Matsuoka, K., Kasahara, J., Kumazawa, Y., Fujii, J., Matsuo, A., & Funaki, I. (2017). Experimental Visualization of the Structure of Rotating Detonation Waves in a Disk-Shaped Combustor. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 33(1), 80-88. doi:10.2514/1.b36084Zhou, R., & Wang, J.-P. (2013). Numerical investigation of shock wave reflections near the head ends of rotating detonation engines. Shock Waves, 23(5), 461-472. doi:10.1007/s00193-013-0440-0Fievisohn, R. T., & Yu, K. H. (2017). Steady-State Analysis of Rotating Detonation Engine Flowfields with the Method of Characteristics. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 33(1), 89-99. doi:10.2514/1.b36103Paniagua, G., Iorio, M. C., Vinha, N., & Sousa, J. (2014). Design and analysis of pioneering high supersonic axial turbines. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 89, 65-77. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.08.014Sousa, J., Paniagua, G., & Collado Morata, E. (2017). Thermodynamic analysis of a gas turbine engine with a rotating detonation combustor. Applied Energy, 195, 247-256. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.045Liu, Z., Braun, J., & Paniagua, G. (2018). Characterization of a Supersonic Turbine Downstream of a Rotating Detonation Combustor. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 141(3). doi:10.1115/1.4040815Paniagua, G., Yasa, T., de la Loma, A., Castillon, L., & Coton, T. (2008). Unsteady Strong Shock Interactions in a Transonic Turbine: Experimental and Numerical Analysis. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 24(4), 722-731. doi:10.2514/1.34774Verstraete, T., Alsalihi, Z., & Van den Braembussche, R. A. (2010). Multidisciplinary Optimization of a Radial Compressor for Microgas Turbine Applications. Journal of Turbomachinery, 132(3). doi:10.1115/1.3144162Braun, J., Sousa, J., & Pekardan, C. (2017). Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of the Hyperloop. AIAA Journal, 55(12), 4053-4060. doi:10.2514/1.j055634Anand, V., & Gutmark, E. (2018). Rotating Detonation Combustor Research at the University of Cincinnati. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 101(3), 869-893. doi:10.1007/s10494-018-9934-

A holistic methodology to correct heat transfer and bearing friction losses from hot turbocharger maps in order to obtain adiabatic efficiency of the turbomachinery

This is the author¿s version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419834194[EN] Turbocharger performance maps provided by manufacturers are usually far from the assumption of reproducing the isentropic performance. The reason being, those maps are usually measured using a hot gas stand. The definition of the effective turbocharger efficiency maps include the mechanical losses and heat transfer that has occurred during the gas stand test for the turbine maps and only the heat transfer for the compressor maps. Thus, a turbocharger engine model that uses these maps provides accurate results only when simulating turbocharger operative conditions similar to those at which the maps are recorded. However, for some critical situations such as Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) driving cycle or off-design conditions, it is difficult to ensure this assumption. In this article, an internal and external heat transfer model combined with mechanical losses model, both previously developed and calibrated, has been used as an original tool to ascertain a calculation procedure to obtain adiabatic maps from diabatic standard turbocharger maps. The turbocharger working operative conditions at the time of map measurements and geometrical information of the turbocharger are necessary to discount both effects precisely. However, the maps from turbocharger manufacturers do not include all required information. These create additional challenges to develop the procedure to obtain approximated adiabatic maps making some assumptions based on SAE standards for non-available data. A sensitivity study has been included in this article to check the validity of the hypothesis proposed by changing the values of parameters which are not included in the map data. The proposed procedure becomes a valuable tool either for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to parameterize turbocharger performance accurately for benchmarking and turbocharged engine design or to turbocharger manufacturers to provide much-appreciated information of their performance maps.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: This work has been partially supported by FEDER and the Government of Spain through Grant No. TRA2016-79185-R.Serrano, J.; Olmeda, P.; Arnau Martínez, FJ.; Samala, V. (2020). A holistic methodology to correct heat transfer and bearing friction losses from hot turbocharger maps in order to obtain adiabatic efficiency of the turbomachinery. International Journal of Engine Research. 21(8):1314-1335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419834194S13141335218Sirakov, B., & Casey, M. (2012). Evaluation of Heat Transfer Effects on Turbocharger Performance. Journal of Turbomachinery, 135(2). doi:10.1115/1.4006608Payri, F., Serrano, J. R., Fajardo, P., Reyes-Belmonte, M. A., & Gozalbo-Belles, R. (2012). A physically based methodology to extrapolate performance maps of radial turbines. Energy Conversion and Management, 55, 149-163. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2011.11.003Chesse, P., Chalet, D., & Tauzia, X. (2011). Impact of the Heat Transfer on the Performance Calculations of Automotive Turbocharger Compressor. Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles, 66(5), 791-800. doi:10.2516/ogst/2011129Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Reyes-Belmonte, M. A., & Tartoussi, H. (2015). A study on the internal convection in small turbochargers. Proposal of heat transfer convective coefficients. Applied Thermal Engineering, 89, 587-599. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.053Tanda, G., Marelli, S., Marmorato, G., & Capobianco, M. (2017). An experimental investigation of internal heat transfer in an automotive turbocharger compressor. Applied Energy, 193, 531-539. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.053Serrano, J., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F., & Dombrovsky, A. (2014). General Procedure for the Determination of Heat Transfer Properties in Small Automotive Turbochargers. SAE International Journal of Engines, 8(1), 30-41. doi:10.4271/2014-01-2857Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Dombrovsky, A., & Smith, L. (2014). External heat losses in small turbochargers: Model and experiments. Energy, 71, 534-546. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.096Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Tiseira, A., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Lefebvre, A. (2013). Theoretical and experimental study of mechanical losses in automotive turbochargers. Energy, 55, 888-898. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.042SAE International. Turbocharger gas stand test code, SAE J1826. Technical Report, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, Warrendale, PA, 1995.SAE International. Supercharger testing standard, SAE J1723. Technical Report, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, Warrendale, PA, 1995.Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Páez, A., & Vidal, F. (2010). An experimental procedure to determine heat transfer properties of turbochargers. Measurement Science and Technology, 21(3), 035109. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/21/3/03510

On the Impact of Particulate Matter Distribution on Pressure Drop of Wall-Flow Particulate Filters

[EN] Wall-flow particulate filters are a required exhaust aftertreatment system to abate particulate matter emissions and meet current and incoming regulations applying worldwide to new generations of diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines. Despite the high filtration efficiency covering the whole range of emitted particle sizes, the porous substrate constitutes a flow restriction especially relevant as particulate matter, both soot and ash, is collected. The dependence of the resulting pressure drop, and hence the fuel consumption penalty, on the particulate matter distribution along the inlet channels is discussed in this paper taking as reference experimental data obtained in water injection tests before the particulate filter. This technique is demonstrated to reduce the particulate filter pressure drop without negative effects on filtration performance. In order to justify these experimental data, the characteristics of the particulate layer are diagnosed applying modeling techniques. Different soot mass distributions along the inlet channels are analyzed combined with porosity change to assess the new properties after water injection. Their influence on the subsequent soot loading process and regeneration is assessed. The results evidence the main mechanisms of the water injection at the filter inlet to reduce pressure drop and boost the interest for control strategies able to force the re-entrainment of most of the particulate matter towards the inlet channels' end.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through Grant No. TRA2016-79185-R. Additionally, the Ph.D. student Enrique Jose Sanchis has been funded by a grant from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia with the reference FPI-2016-S2-1355.Bermúdez, V.; Serrano, J.; Piqueras, P.; Sanchis-Pacheco, EJ. (2017). On the Impact of Particulate Matter Distribution on Pressure Drop of Wall-Flow Particulate Filters. Applied Sciences. 7(3):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7030234S12173Johnson, T. V. (2015). Review of Vehicular Emissions Trends. SAE International Journal of Engines, 8(3), 1152-1167. doi:10.4271/2015-01-0993Bermúdez, V., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, O. (2011). Assessment by means of gas dynamic modelling of a pre-turbo diesel particulate filter configuration in a turbocharged HSDI diesel engine under full-load transient operation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 225(9), 1134-1155. doi:10.1177/0954407011402278Subramaniam, M. N., Joergl, V., Keller, P., Weber, O., Toyoshima, T., & Vogt, C. D. (2009). Feasibility Assessment of a Pre-turbo After-Treatment System with a 1D Modeling Approach. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2009-01-1276Luján, J. M., Bermúdez, V., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, Ó. (2015). Experimental assessment of pre-turbo aftertreatment configurations in a single stage turbocharged diesel engine. Part 1: Steady-state operation. Energy, 80, 599-613. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.048Luján, J. M., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, Ó. (2015). Experimental assessment of a pre-turbo aftertreatment configuration in a single stage turbocharged diesel engine. Part 2: Transient operation. Energy, 80, 614-627. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.017Lee, J. H., Paratore, M. J., & Brown, D. B. (2008). Evaluation of Cu-Based SCR/DPF Technology for Diesel Exhaust Emission Control. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 1(1), 96-101. doi:10.4271/2008-01-0072Watling, T. C., Ravenscroft, M. R., & Avery, G. (2012). Development, validation and application of a model for an SCR catalyst coated diesel particulate filter. Catalysis Today, 188(1), 32-41. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.007Marchitti, F., Nova, I., & Tronconi, E. (2016). Experimental study of the interaction between soot combustion and NH3-SCR reactivity over a Cu–Zeolite SDPF catalyst. Catalysis Today, 267, 110-118. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2016.01.027Konstandopoulos, A. G., & Kostoglou, M. (2014). Analysis of Asymmetric and Variable Cell Geometry Wall-Flow Particulate Filters. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 7(2), 489-495. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1510Bollerhoff, T., Markomanolakis, I., & Koltsakis, G. (2012). Filtration and regeneration modeling for particulate filters with inhomogeneous wall structure. Catalysis Today, 188(1), 24-31. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2011.12.017Iwata, H., Konstandopoulos, A., Nakamura, K., Ogiso, A., Ogyu, K., Shibata, T., & Ohno, K. (2015). Further Experimental Study of Asymmetric Plugging Layout on DPFs: Effect of Wall Thickness on Pressure Drop and Soot Oxidation. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2015-01-1016Bermúdez, V., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, O. (2015). Pre-DPF water injection technique for pressure drop control in loaded wall-flow diesel particulate filters. Applied Energy, 140, 234-245. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.003Serrano, J. R., Bermudez, V., Piqueras, P., & Angiolini, E. (2015). Application of Pre-DPF Water Injection Technique for Pressure Drop Limitation. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2015-01-0985Wang, Y., Wong, V., Sappok, A., & Munnis, S. (2013). The Sensitivity of DPF Performance to the Spatial Distribution of Ash Inside DPF Inlet Channels. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2013-01-1584Sappok, A., Govani, I., Kamp, C., Wang, Y., & Wong, V. (2013). In-Situ Optical Analysis of Ash Formation and Transport in Diesel Particulate Filters During Active and Passive DPF Regeneration Processes. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 6(2), 336-349. doi:10.4271/2013-01-0519Torregrosa, A. J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2011). A fluid dynamic model for unsteady compressible flow in wall-flow diesel particulate filters. Energy, 36(1), 671-684. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.047CMT-Motores Tèrmicos (Universitat Politècnica de València)www.openwam.orgLax, P. D., & Wendroff, B. (1964). Difference schemes for hyperbolic equations with high order of accuracy. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 17(3), 381-398. doi:10.1002/cpa.3160170311Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, O. (2013). Application of the two-step Lax and Wendroff FCT and the CE-SE method to flow transport in wall-flow monoliths. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 91(1), 71-84. doi:10.1080/00207160.2013.783206Desantes, J. M., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2012). Derivation of the method of characteristics for the fluid dynamic solution of flow advection along porous wall channels. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(7), 3134-3152. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2011.09.090Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, Ó. (2013). Packed bed of spherical particles approach for pressure drop prediction in wall-flow DPFs (diesel particulate filters) under soot loading conditions. Energy, 58, 644-654. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.051Murtagh, M. J., Sherwood, D. L., & Socha, L. S. (1994). Development of a Diesel Particulate Filter Composition and Its Effect on Thermal Durability and Filtration Performance. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/940235Fino, D., Russo, N., Millo, F., Vezza, D. S., Ferrero, F., & Chianale, A. (2009). New Tool for Experimental Analysis of Diesel Particulate Filter Loading. Topics in Catalysis, 52(13-20), 2083-2087. doi:10.1007/s11244-009-9393-zKonstandopoulos, A. G., & Johnson, J. H. (1989). Wall-Flow Diesel Particulate Filters—Their Pressure Drop and Collection Efficiency. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/890405Lapuerta, M., Ballesteros, R., & Martos, F. J. (2006). A method to determine the fractal dimension of diesel soot agglomerates. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 303(1), 149-158. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.07.066Serrano, J. R., Climent, H., Piqueras, P., & Angiolini, E. (2016). Filtration modelling in wall-flow particulate filters of low soot penetration thickness. Energy, 112, 883-898. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.121Logan, B. E., Jewett, D. G., Arnold, R. G., Bouwer, E. J., & O’Melia, C. R. (1995). Clarification of Clean-Bed Filtration Models. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 121(12), 869-873. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:12(869)Koltsakis, G. C., & Stamatelos, A. M. (1997). Modes of Catalytic Regeneration in Diesel Particulate Filters. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(10), 4155-4165. doi:10.1021/ie970095mBissett, E. J. (1984). Mathematical model of the thermal regeneration of a wall-flow monolith diesel particulate filter. Chemical Engineering Science, 39(7-8), 1233-1244. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(84)85084-8Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & García-Afonso, Ó. (2012). Heat transfer modelling in honeycomb wall-flow diesel particulate filters. Energy, 43(1), 201-213. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.044Payri, F., Broatch, A., Serrano, J. R., & Piqueras, P. (2011). Experimental–theoretical methodology for determination of inertial pressure drop distribution and pore structure properties in wall-flow diesel particulate filters (DPFs). Energy, 36(12), 6731-6744. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.10.033Konstandopoulos, A. G., Skaperdas, E., & Masoudi, M. (2002). Microstructural Properties of Soot Deposits in Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2002-01-1015Bermúdez, V., Serrano, J. R., Piqueras, P., & Campos, D. (2015). Analysis of the influence of pre-DPF water injection technique on pollutants emission. Energy, 89, 778-792. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.14

Modeling and Evaluation of Oxy-Combustion and In Situ Oxygen Production in a Two-Stroke Marine Engine

[EN] Considering the concerns for emissions reduction in the maritime sector, the present paper evaluates, through modeling and simulation, oxy-fuel combustion in a two-stroke ship engine (2SE) and the best production system configuration to obtain the required oxygen (O2). An initial model of a ship engine is calibrated with the engine manufacturer's data and then adapted to work with O2 as the oxidant to eliminate nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to control the in-cylinder combustion temperature. Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting (MIEC) membranes produce the necessary O2 from the ambient air, which is heated up and pressurized by a heat exchanger and turbocharging coupled system to provide the air conditions required for the proper operation of the MIEC. Several layouts of this system are evaluated for the full load engine operating point to find the optimum O2 production system configuration. Results reveal that the engine operating under oxy-fuel combustion conditions avoids NOx emissions at the expense of higher brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) to obtain the original brake torque, and also expels a stream composed exclusively of CO2 and H2O, which facilitates the separation of CO2 from exhaust gases.This research has been partially supported by Grant CIPROM/2021/061 funded by Generalitat Valenciana. Also partially supported by Grant PID2021-123351OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by ERDF A way of making Europe . And also partially funded by Programa de Ayudas de Investigación y Desarrollo PAID-01-22, from Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) which granted the Rossana s pre-doctoral contract.Serrano, J.; Arnau Martínez, FJ.; Calvo, A.; Burgos, R. (2023). Modeling and Evaluation of Oxy-Combustion and In Situ Oxygen Production in a Two-Stroke Marine Engine. Applied Sciences. 13(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810350131