14 research outputs found

    Location of crossings in the Floquet spectrum of a driven two-level system

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    Calculation of the Floquet quasi-energies of a system driven by a time-periodic field is an efficient way to understand its dynamics. In particular, the phenomenon of dynamical localization can be related to the presence of close approaches between quasi-energies (either crossings or avoided crossings). We consider here a driven two-level system, and study how the locations of crossings in the quasi-energy spectrum alter as the field parameters are changed. A perturbational scheme provides a direct connection between the form of the driving field and the quasi-energies which is exact in the limit of high frequencies. We firstly obtain relations for the quasi-energies for some common types of applied field in the high-frequency limit. We then show how the locations of the crossings drift as the frequency is reduced, and find a simple empirical formula which describes this drift extremely well in general, and appears to be exact for the specific case of square-wave driving.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Minor changes to text, this version to be published in Physical Review

    Traditional and transgenic strategies for controlling tomato-infecting begomoviruses

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    Parcelamento e largura da faixa de aplicação da uréia na recuperação do nitrogênio pela planta de milho Splitting and width of strip urea applications and the recovery of nitrogen by maize plants

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    Com o objetivo de estudar o parcelamento e a largura da faixa de aplicação como meios para aumentar a recuperação pelo milho do nitrogênio da uréia aplicada em superfície, foi conduzido no ano agrícola 93/94, em um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, em condições de campo, um experimento delineado em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Sete tratamentos foram utilizados: testemunha (sem N em cobertura); aplicação de N parcelada (50 kg ha-1 de N aos 38 dias após semeadura - d.a.s e 50 kg ha-1 de N aos 60 d.a.s.) para faixas de 10, 20 e 40 cm; aplicação de N (100 kg ha-1 de N aos 38 d.a.s.) para faixas de 10 e 40 cm e, aplicação de N parcelada (50 kg de N/ha aos 38 d.a.s. e 50 kg ha-1 de N aos 60 d.a.s.) para faixa de 20 cm de largura, neste caso, uréia granulada. A aplicação de uréia parcelada em cobertura, em faixas de 10, 20 e 40 cm de largura, não afetaram a massa de matéria seca, o conteúdo, a quantidade e a recuperação do N pela planta de milho. A recuperação de N pela planta de milho foi maior para a aplicação de 220 kg ha-1 de uréia em uma única aplicação em faixas de 10cm de largura em relação a de 40 cm. O parcelamento da uréia aumentou os valores de massa seca, conteúdo, quantidade e recuperação do N na planta de milho em relação a aplicação em uma única vez.<br>In order to evaluate the nitrogen recovery by maize, following a surface application of urea, a trial was carried out during 1993/94 under field conditions, on a dark red latosol (oxisol). A randomized complete block statistical design was used, with seven treatments and five replications. The seven treatments were: control (no N); three split N applications (50 kg N ha-1 urea at 38 and 60 days after sowing) using 10, 20 or 40 cm width strips; two single N applications (100 kg N ha-1 urea at 38 days after sowing) using 10 or 40 cm width strips; and split N applications (50 kg N ha-1 urea at 38 and 60 days after sowing) using a 20 cm width strip (granular urea). The top dressing that was applied at two growth stages in 10, 20 or 40 cm width strips did not affect dry matter production, content, amount and recovery of N in the corn plant. Only when one urea application was made, the recovery of N from the corn plant was larger for the 10 cm of width in relation to 40 cm. The split application increased significantly dry matter production, content, amount and recovery of N in the corn plant in one single application
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