TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM PENGANGKUTAN UDARA NIAGA MENURUT KONVENSI MONTREAL 1999 DAN UNDANG – UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PENERBANGAN

Konvensi Montreal 1999 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan adalah dua peraturan hukum yang mengatur tanggung jawab hukum pengangkutan udara niaga. Konvensi Montreal 1999 adalah sebuah perjanjian internasional yang membahas tanggung jawab maskapai penerbangan terkait dengan kerugian yang timbul akibat kecelakaan atau insiden di udara. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan adalah undang-undang nasional yang mengatur berbagai aspek pengangkutan udara, termasuk tanggung jawab hukum maskapai penerbangan dalam melakukan operasi penerbangan niaga. Konvensi Montreal 1999 adalah sebuah perjanjian internasional yang bertujuan untuk mengatur tanggung jawab maskapai penerbangan dalam hal kehilangan, kerusakan, atau keterlambatan barang, serta kerugian pribadi atau kematian penumpang yang terjadi selama penerbangan. Pengaturan hukum pengangkutan udara niaga menurut Konvensi Montreal 1999 didasarkan pada prinsip tanggung jawab maskapai penerbangan terkait dengan kerugian yang timbul akibat kecelakaan atau insiden di udara. Kata Kunci : Konvensi Montreal 1999, Pengangkutan udara niaga, Undang-Undang No 1 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penerbangan

TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM PENGANGKUTAN UDARA NIAGA MENURUT KONVENSI MONTREAL 1999 DAN UNDANG – UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PENERBANGAN

Konvensi Montreal 1999 dan Undang-Undamg No. 1 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penerbangan, pada prinsipnya kedua aturan ini berkaitan erat dalam hal tanggung jawab hukum angkutan udara niaga dan bukan niaga. Konvensi Montreal 1999 mengatur tatanan hukum secara internasional mengenai tanggung jawab pengangkut terhadap pengguna jasa penerbangan yang mengalami kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh pengangkut. Baik itu pengangkutan penumpang, bagasi dan kargo dalam penerbangan internasional dengan pesawat udara serta ganti rugi yang harus dibayarkan. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan mengatur hak, kewajiban, serta tanggung jawab hukum para penyedia jasa dan para pengguna jasa, dan tanggung jawab hukum penyedia jasa terhadap kerugian pihak ketiga akibat dari penyelenggaraan penerbangan. Konvensi Montreal 1999 adalah sebuah perjanjian internasional yang bertujuan untuk mengatur tanggung jawab maskapai penerbangan dalam hal kehilangan, kerusakan, atau keterlambatan barang, serta kerugian pribadi atau kematian penumpang yang terjadi selama penerbangan. Pengaturan hukum pengangkutan udara niaga menurut Konvensi Montreal 1999 didasarkan pada prinsip tanggung jawab mutlak (strict liability) yang dimana pengangkut bukan lagi dianggap bertanggung jawab tetapi pengangkut selalu harus bertanggung jawab atas kerugian yang diderita korban tanpa ada kemungkinan membebaskan diri kecuali korban juga turut bersalah.   Kata Kunci: Konvensi Montreal 1999; Tanggung jawab angkutan udara niaga; Undang-Undang No 1 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penerbangan

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PENGUNGSI DI INDONESIA PASCA PERATURAN PRESIDEN NO.125 TAHUN 2016

Perlindungan pengungsi terdapat dalam konvensi Jenewa 1951 dan protokol 1967 dan yang menjadi kewenangan dari UNHCR “United Nation High Commisionerfor Refugees” atau Komisioner tinggi perserikatan bangsa-bangsa dibidang pengungsi. Indonesia bukan negara yang meratifikasi Konvensi Jenewa 1951 dan Protokol 1967 namun Indonesia mengakui salah satu prinsip internasional yaitu prinsip Non Refoulement. Dalam perlindungan pengungsi di Indonesia di jamin oleh Undang-Undang No.39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia karena pengungsi merupakan manusia yang rentan terhadap pelanggaran ham dan dalam masuk arus pengungsi terdapat dalam  Undang-Undang No.6 Tahun 2011 serta dalam penanganan pengungsi di jamin oleh Undang-Undang No.37 Tahun 1999 tentang Hubungan luar Negeri. Setelah adanya Peraturan Presiden No.125 Tahun 2016 penanganan pengungsi dilakukan berdasarkan kerja sama antara Pemerintah Pusat dengan Perserikatan BangsaBangsa (PBB) melalui Komisariat Tinggi Urusan Pengungsi di Indonesia. Saat Pandemi Pandemi Covid-19 pemerintah Indonesia dalam penanganan pengungsi melakukan berbagai upaya agar para pengungsi mendapatkan fasilitas keshatan terlebih hak agar pengungsi tidak terdiskriminasi dan tertinngal dalam Pandemi Covid-19. Kata Kunci: Konvensi Jenewa 1951, Protokol 1967, Pasca Peraturan Presiden No.125 Tahun 2016, Pengungsi

Outcome Expectations of Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: The Influence of Demographic Factors, Pain, Personality Traits, Physical and Psychological Status

Unfulfilled preoperative expectations have a strong influence on the outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). More insight into determinants of the level of expectations is useful in identifying patients at risk for having expectations of the treatment result that are too high or too low. This information can be used in optimizing preoperative expectation management. The aim of the current study was to analyze to what extent preoperative outcome expectations of TKA patients are affected by psychological factors, demographic factors, pain, physical function, and general health status. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 204 patients with symptomatic and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA), scheduled for primary TKA. Outcome expectations were measured using the hospital for special surgery knee replacement expectations survey. Independent variables included were age, sex, body mass index, and patient-reported outcome measures for pain, physical function, quality of life, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, optimism, and pessimism. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between these variables and preoperative outcome expectations. Female sex, higher age, higher depression score, and duration of complaints > 50 months showed to be significant predictors of lower expectations for the treatment outcome after TKA. Baseline pain and function scores were not related to the level of preoperative expectations. The present study aids in identifying patients at risk for having either too high or too low expectations. This knowledge can be utilized in individualized expectation management interventions

Development of Preoperative Prediction Models for Pain and Functional Outcome After Total Knee Arthroplasty Using The Dutch Arthroplasty Register Data

Background: One of the main determinants of treatment satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the fulfillment of preoperative expectations. For optimal expectation management, it is useful to accurately predict the treatment result. Multiple patient factors registered in the Dutch Arthroplasty Register (LROI) can potentially be utilized to estimate the most likely treatment result. The aim of the present study is to create and validate models that predict residual symptoms for patients undergoing primary TKA for knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Data were extracted from the LROI of all TKA patients who had preoperative and postoperative patient-reported outcome measures registered. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to construct predictive algorithms for satisfaction, treatment success, and residual symptoms concerning pain at rest and during activity, sit-to-stand movement, stair negotiation, walking, performance of activities of daily living, kneeling, and squatting. We assessed predictive performance by examining measures of calibration and discrimination. Results: Data of 7071 patients could be included for data analysis. Residual complaints on kneeling (female 72%/male 59%) and squatting (female 71%/male 56%) were reported most frequently, and least residual complaints were scored for walking (female 16%/male 12%) and pain at rest (female 18%/male 14%). The predictive algorithms were presented as clinical calculators that present the probability of residual symptoms for an individual patient. The models for residual symptoms concerning sit-to-stand movement, stair negotiation, walking, activities of daily living, and treatment success showed acceptable discriminative values (area under the curve 0.68-0.74). The algorithms for residual complaints regarding kneeling, squatting, pain, and satisfaction showed less favorable results (area under the curve 0.58-0.64). The calibration curves showed adequate calibration for most of the models. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of patients have residual complaints after TKA. The present study showed that demographic and patient-reported outcome measure data collected in the LROI can be used to predict the probability of residual symptoms after TKA. The models developed in the present study predict the chance of residual symptoms for an individual patient on 10 specific items concerning treatment success, functional outcome, and pain relief. This prediction can be useful for individualized expectation management in patients planned for TKA

Brane/flux annihilation transitions and nonperturbative moduli stabilization

By extending the calculation of Kahler moduli stabilization to account for an embiggened antibrane, we reevaluate brane/flux annihilation in a warped throat with one stabilized Kahler modulus. We find that depending on the relative size of various fluxes three things can occur: the decay process proceeds unhindered, the anti-D3-branes are forbidden to decay classically, or the entire space decompactifies. Additionally, we show that the Kahler modulus receives a contribution from the collective 3-brane tension. This allows for a significant change in compactified volume during the transition and possibly mitigates some fine tuning otherwise required to achieve large volume.Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX. v2: references adde