Phosphorus Movement in Calcareous Soils Irrigated with Waste Water from Potato Processing Plants

Total, organic, and acid-hydrolyzable phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations were determined in waste waters from five potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing plants and the waste water volumes applied to cropped land were measured monthly for three processing seasons. These P forms were also measured in soil water samples extracted monthly at five depths to 1.5 m. Organic plus hydrolyzable fractions comprised 60 to 70% of the total P in the waste waters and 30 to 40% in the soil water extracts. When the numerical value of the relationship (kg P/ha applied per month) (mm of clay size material in 1.5 m)-¹ was <0.4, the total P concentration in the extracts at 1.5 m was <0.05 mg/liter. When the value exceeded 0.4, the total P concentrations in the extracts averaged 1 to 2 mg/liter. The relationship may provide disposal site selection and waste water application rate guidelines for land disposal of waste water high in organic and hydrolyzable P

Plant Nutrients in Potato Processing Waste Water Used for Irrigation

Food processing industries discharge large volumes of waste water that are generally characterized by high organic matter content, large amounts of suspended solids, and various inorganic constituents including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (3, 4, 5, 6). Until recently, food processing waste water was discharged into streams or rivers, but governmental regulations now prohibit this. Food processors must either treat their waste water to meet established water quality standards before discharging it, or find an alternative waste water disposal method. Secondary treatment, although expensive, has been satisfactory in some cases, but tertiary treatment with removal of nitrogen and phosphorus may be required in the future. Energy requirements for secondary treatment are high, and plant nutrients usually contained in the waste water are a valuable resource. Irrigating cropped agricultural land requires little energy and some of the nutrients can be used by growing plants. Therefore, irrigating with food processing waste water may be a long-term solution to the waste water disposal problem. This report gives the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations in potato processing waste water and the amounts of water and included nutrients applied to fields at five potato processing plants in Idaho

Treatment of Potato Processing Waste Water on Agricultural Land: Water and Organic Loading, and the Fate of Applied Plant Nutrients

Potato processors discharge large volumes of wastewater that contain large amounts of organic matter, suspended solids, and various inorganic constituents including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (1, 2, 3). Until recently, the wastewater was discharged into rivers and streams, but governmental regulations now prohibit this practice. The potato processors must either treat their wastewater to meet established quality standards before discharging it into streams or find an alternative disposal method. Irrigating agricultural cropland is the disposal and treatment method that many potato processors have chosen

Supersymmteric Null-like Holographic Cosmologies

We construct a new class of 1/4-BPS time dependent domain-wall solutions with null-like metric and dilaton in type II supergravities, which admit a null-like big bang singularity. Based on the domain-wall/QFT correspondence, these solutions are dual to 1/4-supersymmetric quantum field theories living on a boundary cosmological background with time dependent coupling constant and UV cutoff. In particular we evaluate the holographic $c$ function for the 2-dimensional dual field theory living on the corresponding null-like cosmology. We find that this $c$ function runs in accordance with the $c$-theorem as the boundary universe evolves, this means that the number of degrees of freedom is divergent at big bang and suggests the possible resolution of big bang singularity.Comment: 26 pages;v2 references adde

Simulations of the Static Friction Due to Adsorbed Molecules

The static friction between crystalline surfaces separated by a molecularly thin layer of adsorbed molecules is calculated using molecular dynamics simulations. These molecules naturally lead to a finite static friction that is consistent with macroscopic friction laws. Crystalline alignment, sliding direction, and the number of adsorbed molecules are not controlled in most experiments and are shown to have little effect on the friction. Temperature, molecular geometry and interaction potentials can have larger effects on friction. The observed trends in friction can be understood in terms of a simple hard sphere model.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figure

D-instantons and Closed String Tachyons in Misner Space

We investigate closed string tachyon condensation in Misner space, a toy model for big bang universe. In Misner space, we are able to condense tachyonic modes of closed strings in the twisted sectors, which is supposed to remove the big bang singularity. In order to examine this, we utilize D-instanton as a probe. First, we study general properties of D-instanton by constructing boundary state and effective action. Then, resorting to these, we are able to show that tachyon condensation actually deforms the geometry such that the singularity becomes milder.Comment: 24 pages, 1 figure, minor change

Innovative solutions to novel drug development in mental health

There are many new advances in neuroscience and mental health which should lead to a greater understanding of the neurobiological dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders and new developments for early, effective treatments. To do this, a biomarker approach combining genetic, neuroimaging, cognitive and other biological measures is needed. The aim of this article is to highlight novel approaches for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment development. This article suggests approaches that can be taken in the future including novel mechanisms with preliminary clinical validation to provide a toolbox for mechanistic studies and also examples of translation and back-translation. The review also emphasizes the need for clinician-scientists to be trained in a novel way in order to equip them with the conceptual and experimental techniques required, and emphasizes the need for private-public partnership and pre-competitive knowledge exchange. This should lead the way for important new holistic treatment developments to improve cognition, functional outcome and well-being of people with neuropsychiatric disorders