The effect of mechanical stress on bipolar transistor characteristics

Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

Microreactor for a transmission electron microscope and heating element and method for the manufacture thereof

A microreactor for use in a microscope, comprising a first and second cove layer (13) , which cover layers are both at least partly transparent to an electron beam (14) of an electron microscope, and extend next to each other at a mutual distance from each other and between which a chamber (15) is enclosed, wherein an inlet (4) and an outlet (5) are provided for feeding fluid through the chamber and wherein heating means (8) are provided for heating the chamber and/or elements present therein.Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

Method of manufacturing a micro unit and a micro unit for use in a microscope

The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a micro unit for use in a microscope. The method comprises the step of providing a planar substrate supporting structure and creating a chamber in the supporting structure for receiving a fluid containing a chemically reacting substance to be inspected. Further, the method comprises the step of coating an inner surface of the chamber with a thin layer. The method also comprises the step of locally removing material from the exterior of the supporting structure until the thin layer is reached for forming a window segment that is at least partially transparent to a beam of radiation generated by the microscope.MicroelectronicsElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

Lateral nano-Newton force-sensing piezoresistive cantilever for microparticle handling

Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

A novel Mcm1-dependent element in the SWI₄, CLN₃, CDC₆, and CDC₄₇ promoters activates M/G1-specific transcription

We have identified a novel promoter element that confers M/G1-specific transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This element, which we call an ECB (early cell cycle box), was first identified in the SWI<sub>4</sub> promoter, but it is also present in the promoter of a G1 cyclin CLN<sub>3</sub>, as well as in the promoters of three DNA replication genes: CDC<sub>6</sub>, CDC<sub>47</sub>, and CDC<sub>46</sub>. Transcripts from all five of these genes oscillate during the cell cycle and peak at the M/G1 boundary, as do isolated ECB elements in reporter constructs. The ECB element contains an Mcm1 binding site to which Mcm1 binds in vitro, and an Mcm1-VP16 fusion, which places a constitutive activator on Mcm1-binding sites in vivo, can deregulate ECB-containing promoters. Mcm1 is a transcription factor that is also required for minichromosome maintenance. We provide evidence that the replication defect of mcm1 mutants can be suppressed by ectopic CDC6 transcription. Periodic expression of SWI4 and CLN3 may be important for cell cycle progression, as we find that these genes are both haploinsufficient and rate limiting for G1 progression. We suggest that ECB-regulated gene products play critical roles in promoting the initiation of S-phase, both by regulating CLN1 and CLN2 transcription and as components of the initiation complex on origins of replication

In-situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy of catalytic materials under reaction conditions

In-situ Scanning X-ray Transmission Microscopy (STXM) allows the measurement of the soft X-ray absorption spectra with 10 to 30 nm spatial resolution under realistic reaction conditions. We show that STXM-XAS in combination with a micromachined nanoreactor can image a catalytic system under relevant reaction conditions, and provide detailed information on the morphology and composition of the catalyst material. The nanometer resolution combined with powerful chemical speciation by XAS and the ability to image materials under realistic conditions opens up new opportunities to study many chemical processes