Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods

This report describes a set of scientific procedures used to assess the impact of foods and food ingredients on the expression of appetite (psychological and behavioural). An overarching priority has been to enable potential evaluators of health claims about foods to identify justified claims and to exclude claims that are not supported by scientific evidence for the effect cited. This priority follows precisely from the principles set down in the PASSCLAIM report. The report allows the evaluation of the strength of health claims, about the effects of foods on appetite, which can be sustained on the basis of the commonly used scientific designs and experimental procedures. The report includes different designs for assessing effects on satiation as opposed to satiety, detailed coverage of the extent to which a change in hunger can stand alone as a measure of appetite control and an extensive discussion of the statistical procedures appropriate for handling data in this field of research. Because research in this area is continually evolving, new improved methodologies may emerge over time and will need to be incorporated into the framework. One main objective of the report has been to produce guidance on good practice in carrying out appetite research, and not to set down a series of commandments that must be followed

High Temporal and Spectral Resolution Interferometric Observations of Unusual Solar Radio Bursts

We report very high temporal and spectral resolution interferometric observations of some unusual solar radio bursts near 1420 MHz. These bursts were observed on 13 September 2005, 22 minutes after the peak of a GOES class X flare from the NOAA region 10808. Our observations show 11 episodes of narrow-band intermittent emission within a span of ≈8 s. Each episode shows a heavily frequency-modulated band of emission with a spectral slope of about −245.5 MHz s−1 [s superscript -1], comprising up to 8 individual blobs of emission and lasts for 10–15 ms. The blobs themselves have a spectral slope of ≈ 0 MHz s−1 [s superscript -1], are ≈200–250 kHz wide, appear every ≈400 kHz and last for ≈ 4–5 ms. These bursts show a brightness temperatures in the range 1012 [10 superscript 12] K, which suggests a coherent emission mechanism. We believe these are the first high temporal and spectral resolution interferometric observations of such rapid and narrow bandwidth solar bursts close to 1420 MHz and present an analysis of their temporal and spectral characteristics.National Science Foundation (U.S.). Research Experience for Undergraduates (Program) (Grant AST-0138506