A Qualitative Analysis of Online Gaming:

The popularity of Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) has risen dramatically over the last decade. Some gamers spend many hours a day in these virtual environments interacting with others gamers, completing quests, and forming social groups. The present study set out to explore the experiences and feelings of online gamers. The study comprised 71 interviews with online gamers (52 males and 19 females) from 11 different countries. Many themes emerged from the analyses of the interview transcripts including (i) relationship with social networking, (ii) social interaction, (iii) the community, (iv) learning real-life skills, (v) reinforcement schedules and operant conditioning, (vi) game design and content, (vii) escaping from real life, (viii) playing longer than intended, and (ix) gamers’ obligations towards others in online worlds. These findings specifically showed the social networking capabilities of online gaming, the community aspects and the psychological mechanisms within MMORPGs that can lead to excessive online gaming. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to previous qualitative and quantitative research in the area

A role for coactivators and histone acetylation in estrogen receptor α-mediated transcription initiation

Transcriptional regulation by estrogen receptor α (ERα) involves protein–protein interactions among the receptor, its associated coactivators and the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery. We have used an in vitro chromatin assembly and transcription system to examine the biochemistry of interactions among ERα, the SRC proteins and p300/CBP. Using polypeptides designed to block specific receptor– cofactor or cofactor–cofactor interactions, we show that interactions among ERα, its coactivators and the RNA pol II machinery are all required for ERα- mediated transcription. Furthermore, we show that ERα–SRC–p300/CBP interactions are necessary and sufficient for the targeted acetylation of nucleosomal histones on estrogen-responsive promoters in the absence of transcription. The protein–protein interactions required for histone acetylation constitute a subset of the interactions required for transcriptional activation. Finally, we show that the major role of SRC–p300/CBP interactions is to enhance ERα- mediated transcription initiation, and they have little or no role in stimulating subsequent rounds of transcription. Together, our results indicate a specific role for the SRC and p300/CBP coactivators, as well as targeted histone acetylation, in ERα-mediated transcription