723 research outputs found
Evidence-based behavioral objectives
The purpose of this article is to inform school personnel of best practices for writing targeted behavioral objectives for student with emotional behavioral disorders (EBD). Five key elements are presented, which include: Measurable, Student-Oriented, Positive, Individualized, and Relevant. Also discussed are board characteristics and outcomes of students with EBD regarding effective supports involving programming and transitioning
Self-organized metal nanostructures through laser driven thermocapillary convection
When ultrathin metal films are subjected to multiple cycles of rapid melting
and resolidification by a ns pulsed laser, spatially correlated interfacial
nanostructures can result from a competition among several possible thin film
self-organizing processes. Here we investigate self-organization and the
ensuing length scales when Co films (1-8 nm thick) on SiO_{\text{2}} surfaces
are repeatedly and rapidly melted by non-uniform (interference) laser
irradiation. Pattern evolution produces nanowires, which eventually break-up
into nanoparticles exhibiting spatial order in the nearest neighbor spacing,
\lambda_{NN2}.The scaling behavior is consistent with pattern formation by
thermocapillary flow and a Rayleigh-like instability. For h_{0}\leq2 nm, a
hydrodynamic instability of a spinodally unstable film leads to the formation
of nanoparticles.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
Thermodynamic approach to the dewetting instability in ultrathin films
The fluid dynamics of the classical dewetting instability in ultrathin films
is a non-linear process. However, the physical manifestation of the instability
in terms of characteristic length and time scales can be described by a
linearized form of the initial conditions of the films's dynamics. Alternately,
the thermodynamic approach based on equating the rate of free energy decrease
to the viscous dissipation [de Gennes, C. R. Acad. Paris.v298, 1984] can give
similar information. Here we have evaluated dewetting in the presence of
thermocapillary forces arising from a film-thickness (h) dependent temperature.
Such a situation can be found during pulsed laser melting of ultrathin metal
films where nanoscale effects lead to a local h-dependent temperature. The
thermodynamic approach provides an analytical description of this
thermocapillary dewetting. The results of this approach agree with those from
linear theory and experimental observations provided the minimum value of
viscous dissipation is equated to the rate of free energy decrease. The flow
boundary condition that produces this minimum viscous dissipation is when the
film-substrate tangential stress is zero. The physical implication of this
finding is that the spontaneous dewetting instability follows the path of
minimum rate of energy loss.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures. Under revie
Employee Assistance and Drug Testing: Fairness and Injustice in the Workplace
Every few years, the mass media report that a drug epidemic is sweeping America and sapping its economy
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Diffusion of Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Women with Advanced Ovarian Cancer in Community Settings 2003–2008: The Effect of the NCI Clinical Recommendation
Purpose: A 2006 National Cancer Institute clinical announcement recommended the use of combined intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy over IV chemotherapy alone for women with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage 3 optimally debulked ovarian cancer due to significant survival benefit demonstrated in multiple randomized clinical trials. We examined uptake of IP chemotherapy in community practice before and after this recommendation. Methods: We identified 288 women with FIGO stage 2 or greater incident ovarian cancer diagnosed from 2003 to 2008 at three integrated delivery systems in the US. Administrative health plan data were used to determine patient characteristics and receipt of IV and IP chemotherapy within 12 months of diagnosis. We compared characteristics of women receiving IV chemotherapy alone vs. IP chemotherapy (with or without IV chemotherapy) and assessed temporal trends in IP chemotherapy use. Results: Overall 12.5% (n = 36) of women received IP chemotherapy during the study period. IP chemotherapy use was non-existent between 2003 and 2005. Use of IP chemotherapy occurred among 26.9% of women diagnosed in 2006 and plateaued at 20.4% of women diagnosed in 2008. IP recipients were younger (mean age 55.9 vs. 63.5 years, p = < 0.001) and more likely to have stage 3 ovarian cancer (77.8 vs. 50.4% p = 0.039) compared to their IV-only chemotherapy counterparts. Conclusion: Use of IP chemotherapy for newly diagnosed advanced stage ovarian cancer patients was uncommon in this community setting. Future research should identify potential patient, physician, and system barriers and facilitators to using IP chemotherapy in this setting
Robust nanopatterning by laser-induced dewetting of metal nanofilms
We have observed nanopattern formation with robust and controllable spatial
ordering by laser-induced dewetting in nanoscopic metal films. Pattern
evolution in Co film of thickness 1\leq h\leq8 nm on SiO_{2} was achieved under
multiple pulse irradiation using a 9 ns pulse laser. Dewetting leads to the
formation of cellular patterns which evolve into polygons that eventually break
up into nanoparticles with monomodal size distribution and short range ordering
in nearest-neighbour spacing R. Spatial ordering was attributed to a
hydrodynamic thin film instability and resulted in a predictable variation of R
and particle diameter D with h. The length scales R and D were found to be
independent of the laser energy. These results suggest that spatially ordered
metal nanoparticles can be robustly assembled by laser-induced dewetting
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