The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement

We developed a reporting guideline to provide authors with guidance about what should be reported when writing a paper for publication in a scientific journal using a particular type of research design: the single-case experimental design. This report describes the methods used to develop the Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016. As a result of 2 online surveys and a 2-day meeting of experts, the SCRIBE 2016 checklist was developed, which is a set of 26 items that authors need to address when writing about single-case research. This article complements the more detailed SCRIBE 2016 Explanation and Elaboration article (Tate et al., 2016) that provides a rationale for each of the items and examples of adequate reporting from the literature. Both these resources will assist authors to prepare reports of single-case research with clarity, completeness, accuracy, and transparency. They will also provide journal reviewers and editors with a practical checklist against which such reports may be critically evaluated. We recommend that the SCRIBE 2016 is used by authors preparing manuscripts describing single-case research for publication, as well as journal reviewers and editors who are evaluating such manuscripts.Funding for the SCRIBE project was provided by the Lifetime Care and Support Authority of New South Wales, Australia. The funding body was not involved in the conduct, interpretation or writing of this work. We acknowledge the contribution of the responders to the Delphi surveys, as well as administrative assistance provided by Kali Godbee and Donna Wakim at the SCRIBE consensus meeting. Lyndsey Nickels was funded by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT120100102) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders (CE110001021). For further discussion on this topic, please visit the Archives of Scientific Psychology online public forum at http://arcblog.apa.org. (Lifetime Care and Support Authority of New South Wales, Australia; FT120100102 - Australian Research Council Future Fellowship; CE110001021 - Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders)Published versio

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior

Hydrogen-Atom Noninnocence of a Tridentate [SNS] Pincer Ligand

Double deprotonation of bis­(2-mercapto-4-methylphenyl)­amine ([SNS]­H₃) followed by addition to NiCl₂(PR₃)₂ in air-free conditions afforded [SN­(H)­S]­Ni­(PR₃) (<b>1a</b>, R = Cy; <b>1b</b>, R = Ph) complexes, characterized as diamagnetic, square-planar nickel­(II) complexes. When the same reaction was conducted with 3 equiv of KH, the diamagnetic anions K­{[SNS]­Ni­(PR₃)} were obtained (K­[<b>2a</b>], R = Cy; K­[<b>2b</b>], R = Ph). In the presence of air, the reaction proceeds with a concomitant one-electron oxidation. When R = Cy, a square-planar, <i>S</i> = ¹/₂ complex, [SNS]­Ni­(PCy₃) (<b>3a</b>), was isolated. When R = Ph, the bimetallic complex {[SNS]­Ni­(PPh₃)}₂ ({<b>3b</b>}₂) was obtained. This bimetallic species is diamagnetic; however, in solution it dissociates to give <i>S</i> = ¹/₂ monomers analogous to <b>3a</b>. Complexes <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> represent a hydrogen-atom-transfer series. The bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) for <b>1a</b> and <b>1b</b> were calculated to be 63.9 ± 0.1 and 62.4 ± 0.2 kcal mol^–1, respectively, using the corresponding p<i>K</i>_a and <i>E</i>°′ values. Consistent with these BDFE values, TEMPO^• reacted with <b>1a</b> and <b>1b</b>, resulting in the abstraction of a hydrogen atom to afford <b>3a</b> and <b>3b</b>, respectively