Mean differences (SE) in DNA methylation levels associated with income, wealth, education, and childhood SES.

*<p> =  p<0.05, **  =  p<0.01, ***  =  p<0.001.</p

Mean differences (SE) in DNA methylation levels associated with age, gender and race.

†<p>SES indicators adjusted were: income, wealth, education, childhood SES.</p>*<p> =  p<0.05, **  =  p<0.01, ***  =  p<0.001.</p

Sample characteristics (%) and mean (SD) of Alu and LINE-1 methylation across categories of age, race/ethnicity, income, wealth, education, and childhood SES in the study sample.

‡<p>Childhood SES: Low  =  less than high school, medium  =  high school degree, high  =  some college or more. <b>^†</b>Missing in Alu and LINE-1 samples: Income (14), wealth (3), childhood SES (39 in Alu, 37 in LINE-1) *  =  p<0.05, **  =  p<0.01, ***  =  p<0.001.</p

Newborn global DNA methylation and maternal urinary As exposure.

<p>Mean (SE) newborn global methylation levels as measured by the methyl-incorporation assay by quartiles of maternal uAs exposure adjusted for the sex-specific effect of uCrn. * Q1 and Q2 vs. Q4; p = 0.06 and 0.04, respectively.</p

Demographics and clinical data of the study population.

a<p>Values are mean (SD).</p>b<p>N = 100,</p>c<p>N = 99,</p>d<p>N = 95,</p>e<p>N = 57,</p>f<p>N = 56,</p>g<p>N = 54,</p>h<p>N = 42,</p>i<p>N = 41,</p>j<p>N = 40,</p>k<p>N = 37.</p>*<p>P<0.05; Wilcoxon rank sum test for differences between newborn sex.</p>**<p>P<0.01; Wilcoxon rank sum test for differences between newborn sex.</p

Spearman correlation coefficients for global DNA methylation between maternal vs. newborn pairs, combined and stratified by newborn sex.

*<p>p<0.05;</p>**<p>p<0.01.</p

Estimated parameter for associations between biomarkers of As exposure and newborn global DNA methylation assays combined and stratified by sex.

1<p>Sex- specific effect of uCrn was controlled in the models for DPM/DNA, Alu and Line-1.</p>2<p>Interaction by newborn sex.</p

Spearman correlation coefficients for newborn global DNA methylation vs. urinary creatinine and indicators of one-carbon metabolism in plasma, combined and stratified by newborn sex.

*<p>p<0.05;</p>**<p>p<0.01.</p>a<p>p<0.05;</p>b<p>p<0.01 from Wald test for sex differences in correlations.</p

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages by gender.

<p>Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages by gender.</p

Characteristics of the study samples.

a<p>Chi-square and Wilcoxon's rank-sum tests were used to test for between sample differences in categorical and continuous variables, respectively.</p>b<p>2001 sample N = 366, 2003 sample N = 109.</p>c<p>%DMA, %MMA, and %InAs, the proportion of total urinary arsenic excreted as dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, and inorganic arsenic, respectively.</p>d<p>2003 sample N = 109.</p>e<p>tHcys, total homocysteine.</p>f<p>Defined as trace protein or greater in urine by dipstick test.</p>g<p>2001 sample N = 365.</p>h<p>2001 sample N = 344.</p><p>Characteristics of the study samples.</p