Neural Network Model Extraction Attacks in Edge Devices by Hearing Architectural Hints

As neural networks continue their reach into nearly every aspect of software operations, the details of those networks become an increasingly sensitive subject. Even those that deploy neural networks embedded in physical devices may wish to keep the inner working of their designs hidden -- either to protect their intellectual property or as a form of protection from adversarial inputs. The specific problem we address is how, through heavy system stack, given noisy and imperfect memory traces, one might reconstruct the neural network architecture including the set of layers employed, their connectivity, and their respective dimension sizes. Considering both the intra-layer architecture features and the inter-layer temporal association information introduced by the DNN design empirical experience, we draw upon ideas from speech recognition to solve this problem. We show that off-chip memory address traces and PCIe events provide ample information to reconstruct such neural network architectures accurately. We are the first to propose such accurate model extraction techniques and demonstrate an end-to-end attack experimentally in the context of an off-the-shelf Nvidia GPU platform with full system stack. Results show that the proposed techniques achieve a high reverse engineering accuracy and improve the one's ability to conduct targeted adversarial attack with success rate from 14.6\%$\sim$25.5\% (without network architecture knowledge) to 75.9\% (with extracted network architecture)

Impact of nonpharmacological interventions on cognitive impairment in women with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: This study aimed to examine the characteristics of research conducted on nonpharmacological interventions for cognitive impairment in patients with breast cancer and identify the primary effects of nonpharmacological interventions through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched to identify all randomized controlled trial studies until September 30, 2022, using the key terms “breast cancer,” “cognitive disorders,” and their possible variations. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess risk of bias. The effect sizes were calculated in Hedges’ g. Potential moderators influencing the intervention effects were explored. Results: Twenty-three studies were included in the systematic review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Among the nonpharmacological interventions for patients with breast cancer, cognitive rehabilitation and physical activity were the most common, followed by cognitive behavioral therapy. The meta-analysis indicated that nonpharmacological interventions had a significant effect on attention (g ​= ​0.83; 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.52; I2 ​= ​76%), immediate recall (g ​= ​0.33; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.49; I2 ​= ​0%), executive function (g ​= ​0.25; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.37; I2 ​= ​0%), and processing speed (g ​= ​0.44; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.73; I2 ​= ​51%) among objective cognitive functions, as well as subjective cognitive function (g ​= ​0.68; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.96; I2 ​= ​78%). Intervention type and mode of delivery were potential moderators for the effects of nonpharmacological interventions on cognitive functions. Conclusions: Nonpharmacological interventions can improve subjective and objective cognitive functioning among patients with breast cancer undergoing cancer treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to provide nonpharmacological interventions by screening patients at high risk of cancer-related cognitive impairment. Systematic review registration: CRD42021251709

Emergency department experience of primary diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the patient with lacunar syndrome

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a particular magnetic resonance imaging technique known as primary diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) for patients with lacunar syndrome in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: Patients with one of five classic lacunar syndromes underwent DWI as primary imaging modality. The DWI findings were classified into groups: (a) having a lesion with high signal intensity, (b) having a lesion with mixed signal intensity, and (c) unremarkable. The final clinical diagnoses were extracted from the patients' medical records, and used as a reference standard. RESULTS: Of 151 DWI images, 120 (79%) were interpreted as high signal lesions, 21 (14%) as mixed signal lesions, and 10 (7%) as unremarkable. All patients with high signal lesions or unremarkable findings were diagnosed with ischaemic stroke. The patients with mixed signal lesions were diagnosed with haemorrhagic stroke with an exception of one ischaemic stroke. CONCLUSION: Primary DWI is a feasible and useful neuroimaging tool for patients with lacunar syndrome in the ED.ope

Management of gastric lymphoma with chemotherapy alone

Purpose. The optimal therapy for gastric lymphoma except MALToma has not yet been established. This study was undertaken to investigate whether gastric lymphoma can be managed effectively and safely with chemotherapy alone. Patients and methods. A total of 58 patients (median age 56 years) with newly diagnosed gastric lymphoma between 1989 2001 at Seoul National University Hospital and who were initially managed with chemotherapy alone were evaluated. MALToma was excluded from the pathologic review. Results. All patients received initially anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. ECOG performance scale 0-1 was 88% and B symptoms were present in 41.4%. Diffuse large B cell type was the most common (74.1%). Stage IE, II1E accounted for 51.7% and II2E, IIIE, IV for 48.3%. The international prognostic index (IPI) of risk was low in 39.7%, low-intermediate in 22.4%, high-intermediate in 15.5% and high in 22.4%. The complete response rate after first-line chemotherapy was 71.4% and the partial response rate was 12.2%. (overall response rate: 83.6%). Among patients who did not reach the complete response, a further complete response was achieved by second-line chemotherapy including etoposide-based regimen. Ultimately, the maximum complete response rate by chemotherapy was 83.7% (92% in stage IE, II1E, 75% in stage II2E, IIIE, IV). Median overall survival was 47.4 months (84.7 months in stage IE, II1E, 32.5 months in stage II2E, IIIE, IV) and the 5-year survival rate was 46%. Bleeding as a complication occurred in 3 of 58 patients (5.6%) and these cases were controlled by embolization or conservative management. No perforation episode occurred and surgical intervention due to complication was not necessary. Organ preservation was possible in 57 of 58 patients (98%). The one gastrectomy was performed due to a partial clinical response to chemotherapy but the specimen showed pathologic CR. Multivariate analysis revealed that only IPI had a significant influence on survival. Conclusions. Gastric lymphoma except MALToma can be managed effectively and safely with chemotherapy alone