Effects of Surface Modification of Polypropylene Foil on Polymer - Oil Interaction

Physico-chemical interactions between the impregnating oil and the polypropylene foil (PP) are of great concern. Such phenomena like swelling and dissolution of polymer films into the oil can detonate the electrical properties of the oil - polymer system. It was found that the swelling control could be attained by the application of the effective diffusion barrier at the PP surface. Formation of thin polymer coatings in radio-frequency discharges was used for this purpose. The effect of surface modification of the PP film on the polymer-oil interaction phenomena were investigated

Consensus against all odds:explaining the persistence of EU sanctions on Russia

In response to Russia’s actions in Ukraine in 2014, the EU introduced sanctions on Moscow. Despite increasing polarisation among member states after imposition, the sanctions package was consistently renewed. How can sanctions persistence be explained? While scholarly accounts highlight German leadership, commitment to norms, and policymakers’ engagement, the EU’s ability to uphold the sanctions in the face of uneven support among member states remains puzzling. With the help of a two-level game framework, according to which actors make decisions based on the interplay between the domestic and international levels, we argue that the interaction between the Council and domestic politics helped sustaining the consensus. To illustrate this dynamic, in an exploration of domestic factions in Spain and Poland, two member states displaying opposite attitudes towards Russia, we identify the presence of at least one actor whose preference deviates from the core, thereby facilitating consensus

The archaeology of the military orders: the material culture of holy war

This paper reviews the current state of research into the archaeology of the military orders. It contrasts the advances made by historians and archaeologists, with the latter continuing to focus on the particularism of individual sites, with an emphasis on architectural analyses. Historians have contributed new insights by adopting a supranational approach. This paper argues that archaeologists can build on this by adopting a more problem-oriented, comparative approach. Drawing on examples from frontier and heartland territories, archaeological approaches are subdivided into material investment, material identity and cultural landscapes, to place sites of the military orders within a long-term, multi-scalar contexts. This contributes to a broader social and economic understanding of the orders, who contributed significantly to urbanisation, rural development and trade, and invested in material expressions of their authority and ideology. The paper concludes that more holistic, inter-regional approaches will move the archaeological study of the military orders forward

Effects of Surface Modification of Polypropylene Foil on Polymer - Oil Interaction

Physico-chemical interactions between the impregnating oil and the polypropylene foil (PP) are of great concern. Such phenomena like swelling and dissolution of polymer films into the oil can detonate the electrical properties of the oil - polymer system. It was found that the swelling control could be attained by the application of the effective diffusion barrier at the PP surface. Formation of thin polymer coatings in radio-frequency discharges was used for this purpose. The effect of surface modification of the PP film on the polymer-oil interaction phenomena were investigated

Wpływ udarów prądowych na zjawiska starzeniowe w ceramice warystorowej.

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ impulsów prądowych na właściwości elektryczne warystorów ZnO. Zjawiska starzeniowe badano metodą analizy odpowiedzi dielektrycznej w zakresie częstotliwości od 40 Hz do 10 MHz. Abstract. (The influence of current impulses on degradation phenomena in varistor ceramic). This paper presents the effect of impulse current on the electrical properties of ZnO varistor The degradation phenomena were investigated by using of analysis of the dielectric response in the frequency range from 40 Hz to 10 MHz

Insulators Glaze Modified by Plasma Processes

Surface properties of electrical insulators are responsible for their behaviour, especially during heavy rains in contaminated areas. Different means are used in service to overcome this problem. A new approach can be applied here which involves the technology of plasma processes t9 modify surface properties of materials. Glaze is the last layer of electrical insulators and it is highly hydrophylic. To modify this some changes in constitution of glaze has to be done and new hydrophobic layer must be created. Such kind of treatments of surface is possible in plasma processes. During these processes -the heterogenous plasma polymerization takes place on the surface of glaze and thin deposition film is built. From the electrical applications point of view such films have very interesting properties ( high hardness, low friction, good adhesion to substrates, chemical stability).Some electrical properties of plasma modified real insulator glaze have been presented