La faja cataclástica del borde oriental del Sistema de FamatIna, ArgentIna

The cataclastic rocks autcrops are located at the northwestern Pampean Ranges and have a N-S direction. They are limiting the Famatina system to the eastern and carne along the Puna.They have been recognized protomylonites, mylonite gneiss and mylonite schists which may be formed under 10 or 15 km of deep and 275-350° C temperatures of source.The main dominant structure have NNW direction and dips to the eastern. There can be seen compressive movements related to western blocks displacements.During de Ocloyica distrophic phase (Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian) may be formed these cataclastic rocks, related to the Antofalla Craton collision.En las Sierras Pampeanas Noroccidentales del noroeste argentino se desarrolla una faja cataclástica de rumbo submeridional, en rocas del basamento ígneo-metamórfico pertenecientes al Paleozoico Inferior. Esta estructura coincide con el límite oriental del Sistema de Famatina y su porción septentrional se extiende dentro de la provincia morfoestructural de la Puna.En el área estudiada se reconocen protomilonitas, gneises y esquistos miloníticos, los que, en base a sus características texturales, se habrían formado a profundidades de 10 a 15 km y a temperaturas de 275-350° C.El plano principal de cizalla tiene rumbo NNW e inclina hacia el este y sobre el mismo se distinguen movimientos compresivos con desplazamientos relativos de bloques hacia el oeste.La faja de cataclasitas se habría originado durante la Fase Diastrófica Oclóyica (Ordovícico Superior-Silúrico Inferior) relacionada con la colisión del Cratón de Antofalla

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

The effect of sodium humate on the content of different types of phosphorus compounds and on the activity of acid phosphatases in tomato seedlings

The effect of sodium humate on the level of some fractions of phosphorus compounds in the leaves and roots of tomatoes cultured in mediums with a full or reduced phosphorus dose was studied. A dependence was found between the presence of humate in the medium and an increase in the amount of some organic phosphorus compounds in the leaves (lipid phosphorus, easily hydrolyzed phosphorus compounds, nucleic acid phosphorus). In addition, humate lowered the activity of acid phosphatases which had been excessively increased due to the plants inadequate phosphate supply. The results suggest that Na-humate affects phosphorus metabolism not only in an indirect manner, but also directly through penetration of humic substances into the plant tissues

The effect of sodium humate upon phosphorus nutrition of plants with variable doses of iron and calcium in tomato water cultures

Studies were carried out on the effect of sodium humate upon content of P, Fe, Ca, and dry weight yield of tomato seedlings in water cultures. Nutrient solutions contained 10 times more or 10 times less P, Fe, and Ca than the control (nutrient solution according to Hampe). Sodium humate was effective only in relation to phosphorus at lowered amount of Fe, and supplied the plants with Fe when phosphorus content remained in excess. At lowered Ca content humate was not more effective in relation to phosphorus. Sodium humate protected the plants against inhibiting effects of excessive Ca content, and supplied them with phosphorus

The concept of tourist-recreation management of eastern part of "Krzywińsko-Osiecki" Landscape Protected Area

Eastern part of "Krzywińsko-Osiecki" Landscape Protected Area is located in central part of Wielkopolska region. The land use of analyzed area is dominated by arable lands, smaller area is covered by forests. The aim of present study was to determine the current state of tourism development in Borek Wielkopolski and Piaski communes, as well as to evaluate the nature-cultural values of eastern part of "Krzywińsko-Osiecki" Landscape Protected Area. Afterwards the possibilities of tourism management were designed based on above mentioned analyses. For this purposes the calculation of tourist function's indexes, creation the map of valorization and the concept of tourism and recreation development with the aid of GIS tools were performed. The obtained results revealed, that tourist activity at Borek Wielkopolski and Piaski communes area is very low. However, eastern part of "Krzywińsko-Osiecki" Landscape Protected Area is characterized by a diversity of natural-landscape values. The proposed activities would influence on better recognition of natural values and increase of tourism attractiveness of analyzed area. Two tourist trails were proposed, as well as recreation development of water reservoir in Jeżewo and improvement of existing tourist infrastructure