71 research outputs found

    Estrogenic activity assessment of environmental chemicals using in vitro assays: identification of two new estrogenic compounds.

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    Environmental chemicals with estrogenic activities have been suggested to be associated with deleterious effects in animals and humans. To characterize estrogenic chemicals and their mechanisms of action, we established in vitro and cell culture assays that detect human estrogen receptor [alpha] (hER[alpha])-mediated estrogenicity. First, we assayed chemicals to determine their ability to modulate direct interaction between the hER[alpha] and the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and in a competition binding assay to displace 17ss-estradiol (E(2)). Second, we tested the chemicals for estrogen-associated transcriptional activity in the yeast estrogen screen and in the estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. The chemicals investigated in this study were o,p'-DDT (racemic mixture and enantiomers), nonylphenol mixture (NPm), and two poorly analyzed compounds in the environment, namely, tris-4-(chlorophenyl)methane (Tris-H) and tris-4-(chlorophenyl)methanol (Tris-OH). In both yeast and MCF-7 cells, we determined estrogenic activity via the estrogen receptor (ER) for o,p'-DDT, NPm, and for the very first time, Tris-H and Tris-OH. However, unlike estrogens, none of these xenobiotics seemed to be able to induce ER/SRC-1 interactions, most likely because the conformation of the activated receptor would not allow direct contacts with this coactivator. However, these compounds were able to inhibit [(3)H]-E(2) binding to hER, which reveals a direct interaction with the receptor. In conclusion, the test compounds are estrogen mimics, but their molecular mechanism of action appears to be different from that of the natural hormone as revealed by the receptor/coactivator interaction analysis

    Latherin: A Surfactant Protein of Horse Sweat and Saliva

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    Horses are unusual in producing protein-rich sweat for thermoregulation, a major component of which is latherin, a highly surface-active, non-glycosylated protein. The amino acid sequence of latherin, determined from cDNA analysis, is highly conserved across four geographically dispersed equid species (horse, zebra, onager, ass), and is similar to a family of proteins only found previously in the oral cavity and associated tissues of mammals. Latherin produces a significant reduction in water surface tension at low concentrations (≀1 mg ml−1), and therefore probably acts as a wetting agent to facilitate evaporative cooling through a waterproofed pelt. Neutron reflection experiments indicate that this detergent-like activity is associated with the formation of a dense protein layer, about 10 Å thick, at the air-water interface. However, biophysical characterization (circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry) in solution shows that latherin behaves like a typical globular protein, although with unusual intrinsic fluorescence characteristics, suggesting that significant conformational change or unfolding of the protein is required for assembly of the air-water interfacial layer. RT-PCR screening revealed latherin transcripts in horse skin and salivary gland but in no other tissues. Recombinant latherin produced in bacteria was also found to be the target of IgE antibody from horse-allergic subjects. Equids therefore may have adapted an oral/salivary mucosal protein for two purposes peculiar to their lifestyle, namely their need for rapid and efficient heat dissipation and their specialisation for masticating and processing large quantities of dry food material

    Une excursion géographique facile à réaliser en une aprÚs-midi

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    Lascombe J. Une excursion géographique facile à réaliser en une aprÚs-midi. In: L'information géographique, volume 13, n°1, 1949. p. 20

    Effect of the internal rotation of the CHD2 group on the CH stretching mode of nitromethane NO2CHD2 in crystalline phase

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    The infrared and Raman spectra of nitromethane NO2CHD2 in crystalline state have been recorded in the CH stretching mode range in a large temperature range (17 to 185 K). At very low temperatures, three bands are observed; each of them is assigned to the vibration of a CH oscillator localized in a different site. A quantum theory of these spectra shows that no tunnelling effect appears; this is in agreement with the classical interpretation. Furthermore, this theory ascribes the temperature dependence of the relative intensities of the v(CH) bands to the population density of the first torsional levels in the vibrational ground state and suggests a very simple ordering of the isotopic system CHD2 at 4 K, the CH vibrator being localized in the plane perpendicular to the molecular plane. At higher temperatures, the strong relaxation observed on these v(CH) bands is due to the CHD2 group reorientation and can be described, mostly, by a great amplitude random jump process.Les spectres infrarouges et Raman du nitromĂ©thane NO2CHD 2 cristallisĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s dans la rĂ©gion de la vibration de valence CH dans un grand domaine de tempĂ©ratures (17 Ă  185 K). A trĂšs basse tempĂ©rature, les spectres prĂ©sentent trois bandes; chacune d'elles est attribuĂ©e Ă  la vibration d'un oscillateur CH localisĂ© dans un site diffĂ©rent. Une thĂ©orie quantique de ces spectres montre qu'aucun effet tunnel n'apparaĂźt, ce qui est en accord avec l'interprĂ©tation classique. De plus, cette thĂ©orie permet de relier la variation des intensitĂ©s relatives des bandes v(CH) en fonction de la tempĂ©rature Ă  la densitĂ© de population des premiers niveaux de torsion dans l'Ă©tat fondamental de vibration et suggĂšre une mise en ordre trĂšs simple du systĂšme isotopique CHD2 Ă  4 K, le vibrateur CH Ă©tant localisĂ© dans le plan perpendiculaire au plan de la molĂ©cule. A plus haute tempĂ©rature, la forte relaxation observĂ©e sur ces bandes v(CH) est due Ă  la rĂ©orientation du groupe CHD2 et peut ĂȘtre dĂ©crite, pour sa plus grande partie, par un processus de sauts alĂ©atoires de grande amplitude

    Molecular dynamics in liquid cyclopropane. III. Depolarized Rayleigh scattering

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    Depolarized Rayleigh scattering profiles of pure liquid cyclopropanes H 6 and D6 were recorded in the temperature range 155-298 K and at room temperature for dilution at different concentrations in carbon tetrachloride. The analysis of these profiles shows that they cannot be interpreted by assuming only orientational fluctuations of the molecules. The symmetrized spectral densities Î(v) and v 2.Î(v) are well reproduced if one assumes that they result from a weighted sum of two components. The former, nearly Lorentzian, whose width at room temperature and different dilutions in carbon tetrachloride, is close to the rotational Raman one indicates the effect of molecular reorientations. At lower temperature this component becomes wider than the rotational Raman profile, which indicates an organization of the liquid in which the molecules tend to be oriented orthogonally to one other. The second component, much wider, is a damped oscillator profile. The characteristic relaxation time of this oscillator, which is shorter than the orientational correlation time, could be that of a fast variable governing the temporal evolution of the induced polarizabilities. The effect of the temperature on this relaxation time is discussed within the framework of the theories of induced spectra. The intensity of this component, which represents the major part of the spectrum, is of the order of magnitude normally expected for a spectrum produced by a dipole-induced dipole mechanism. It decreases with temperature, probably as a result of an effect of symmetrization of the molecular environment. Nevertheless, the eventual coupling of the orientational slow variable with the fast variable can have an influence on the ratio of the intensities of both components. Finally, the values of the correlation time and of the second and fourth moments associated with the fast variable are weakly temperature dependent and are such that the profile associated with this variable presents an exponential shape in a large frequency range.Les profils Rayleigh dĂ©polarisĂ©s du cyclopropane H6 et D 6 ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s Ă  l'Ă©tat liquide pur dans la gamme de tempĂ©ratures 155-298 K et Ă  tempĂ©rature ambiante en solution Ă  diffĂ©rentes concentrations dans le tĂ©trachlorure de carbone. L'analyse des profils obtenus montre qu'ils ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©s en prenant en compte seulement les fluctuations orientationnelles des molĂ©cules. Les densitĂ©s spectrales symĂ©trisĂ©es Î(V) et v2.Î(v) sont bien reproduites en supposant qu'elles rĂ©sultent d'une somme pondĂ©rĂ©e de deux composantes. La premiĂšre, sensiblement Lorentzienne dont la largeur Ă  tempĂ©rature ordinaire et aux diffĂ©rentes dilutions dans le tĂ©trachlorure de carbone est voisine de la largeur rotationnelle Raman, traduit l'effet des rĂ©orientations molĂ©culaires. Cette composante devient Ă  plus basse tempĂ©rature plus large que le profil rotationnel Raman, ce qui indique une organisation du liquide oĂč les molĂ©cules tendent Ă  s'orienter mutuellement de maniĂšre orthogonale. La deuxiĂšme composante, beaucoup plus large, est un profil d'oscillateur amorti. Le temps de relaxation caractĂ©ristique de cet oscillateur beaucoup plus court que le temps de corrĂ©lation orientationnel, pourrait ĂȘtre celui d'une variable rapide commandant l'Ă©volution temporelle des polarisabilitĂ©s induites. L'influence de la tempĂ©rature sur ce temps de relaxation est discutĂ©e Ă  la lumiĂšre des thĂ©ories des spectres induits. L'intensitĂ© de cette composante qui reprĂ©sente la majeure partie du spectre est de l'ordre de grandeur attendu dans l'hypothĂšse d'un spectre induit par mĂ©canisme dipĂŽle-dipĂŽle induit. Elle diminue avec la tempĂ©rature par suite probablement d'un effet de symĂ©trisation de l'environnement molĂ©culaire. Toutefois, le couplage Ă©ventuel de la variable lente orientationnelle et de la variable rapide peut influer sur le rapport d'intensitĂ© des deux composantes. Enfin, les valeurs du temps de corrĂ©lation et des moments d'ordre deux et quatre associĂ©s Ă  la variable rapide dĂ©pendent peu de la tempĂ©rature et sont telles que le profil associĂ© Ă  cette variable a une allure exponentielle dans un large domaine de frĂ©quence

    Molecular dynamics in liquid cyclopropane. II. — Raman and magnetic nuclear resonance studies of orientational motion

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    The orientational dynamics of liquid cyclopropane is studied by Raman spectrometry as a function of temperature (155, 300 K) and pressure (up to 3 kilobars). 13C and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments are performed in the same temperature range. The isotropic and anisotropic Raman profiles associated to A'1 vibrational modes allow the determination of the orientational correlation function describing the reorientation of the molecular axis characterized by the diffusion coefficient DâŒȘ . The study of the anisotropic profile corresponding to a mode of E" symmetry with a zero Coriolis constant allows the evaluation of the D∄ constant describing the molecular axis spinning motion. NMR relaxation time T1 of natural abundance 13C under proton decoupling conditions and nuclear Overhauser enhancement allow the determination of the TDD1 relaxation time related to intramolecular dipolar relaxation processes. The validity of the decomposition of the 13C relaxation time is tested by comparison with the T1 relaxation times of 2H ; the quadrupolar coupling constant obtained is in agreement with other NMR measurement in nematic liquid crystal solution. Finally the values and the evolution of TDD1 with the temperature are in good agreement with the DâŒȘ and D∄ deduced from the Raman profiles. This justifies the approximations made in the analysis of the Raman data. This study shows that the orientational motion of the cyclopropane molecules in liquid state is very anisotropic. At low temperature the molecular axis motion seems to be well-described by rotational diffusion. At higher temperatures, the J model seems to be more apt although the mean time between collisions is relatively short. By contrast the spinning motion of the molecular axis is not well described by the diffusion model at all the temperatures. Finally the ratio of the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients is shown to increase with temperature. This behaviour has been found for other non associated liquids. It results from a decrease of the mean square force acting on the molecular centre of mass which is faster than the mean square torque acting on the rotational motion. The latter is probably more influenced by the long range forces.La dynamique orientationnelle du cyclopropane liquide est Ă©tudiĂ©e par spectromĂ©trie Raman dans une gamme de tempĂ©ratures allant de 155 Ă  300 K et de pressions de 1 Ă  3 kilobars et par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique nuclĂ©aire du carbone 13 et du deutĂ©rium dans la mĂȘme gamme de tempĂ©ratures. En diffusion Raman, les profils isotropes et anisotropes associĂ©s Ă  un des modes de vibration de symĂ©trie A'1 permettent de dĂ©terminer la fonction de corrĂ©lation orientationnelle dĂ©crivant la rĂ©orientation de l'axe molĂ©culaire et le coefficient de diffusion DâŒȘ. L'Ă©tude du profil anisotrope correspondant Ă  un mode de symĂ©trie E" dont la constante de Coriolis est nulle permet d'autre part d'Ă©valuer une constante D ∄ caractĂ©risant le mouvement de rotation autour de l'axe molĂ©culaire. En rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique nuclĂ©aire, les temps de relaxation longitudinaux T1 du 13C en abondance naturelle dans les conditions de dĂ©couplage protonique et le coefficient dĂ©finissant l'effet Overhauser conduisent Ă  la dĂ©termination du temps de relaxation TDD1 liĂ© aux processus de relaxation dipolaires intramolĂ©culaires. La validitĂ© de cette dĂ©composition du temps de relaxation du 13 C est vĂ©rifiĂ©e par comparaison avec les temps de relaxation T1 du deutĂ©rium ; la valeur de la constante quadrupolaire ainsi obtenue s'accorde avec les mesures faites antĂ©rieurement en milieu cristal liquide. Enfin la valeur de TDD1 et son Ă©volution en fonction de la tempĂ©rature sont en excellent accord avec les constantes D∄ et DâŒȘ dĂ©duites des profils Raman et justifient les approximations qui ont Ă©tĂ© faites dans l'analyse de ces demiers. Cette Ă©tude montre que le mouvement rotationnel des molĂ©cules de cyclopropane Ă  l'Ă©tat liquide est trĂšs anisotrope. A basse tempĂ©rature la rĂ©orientation de l'axe molĂ©culaire semble bien dĂ©crite par une rotation diffusionnelle. A plus haute tempĂ©rature un modĂšle J semble mieux convenir bien que le temps moyen entre les chocs reste relativement petit. Par contre, la dynamique rotationnelle autour de l'axe molĂ©culaire s'Ă©loigne beaucoup du modĂšle diffusionnel Ă  toutes les tempĂ©ratures. Enfin, le rapport des constantes de diffusion translationnelle et rotationnelle est Ă©tudiĂ© ; il augmente nettement avec la tempĂ©rature. Ce comportement qui est retrouvĂ© pour plusieurs autres liquides non associĂ©s traduit une diminution plus rapide de la force quadratique moyenne s'exerçant sur le centre de gravitĂ© de la molĂ©cule que du couple quadratique moyen qui agit sur le mouvement de rotation et qui est probablement plus influence par les forces Ă  long rayon d'action

    ÉTUDE PAR SPECTROSCOPIE INFRAROUGE DES TROIS FORMES CRISTALLINES DE LA SULFANILAMIDE

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    On a Ă©tudiĂ© entre 4 000 et 250 cm-1, les spectres infrarouges de trois formes cristallines (α, ÎČ, Îł) de la sulfanilamide, et de leurs dĂ©rivĂ©s deutĂ©riĂ©s. On a interprĂ©tĂ© la plupart de leurs bandes d'absorption, en particulier celles des groupements amine et amide NH2. Les douze bandes fondamentales v NH des groupements NHD ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es et attribuĂ©es aux douze distances (NH)...O correspondantes en utilisant les techniques de deutĂ©ration partielle et des basses tempĂ©ratures. On discute les relations entre les frĂ©quences Îœ NH et les distances (NH)...O, ainsi que la distinction entre les ponts hydrogĂšne et les interactions du type van der Waals.The infrared spectra of three crystalline forms (α, ÎČ and Îł) of sulphanilamide and of their deuterated derivatives have been investigated in the 4 000-250 cm-1 region. Most of the absorption bands, in particular those of the amine and amide NH2 groups are interpreted. By using the partial deuteration and low temperature techniques 12 Îœ NH fundamentals of NHD groups are identified and assigned to the corresponding 12 (NH)...O distances. The relationship between v NH frequencies and (NH)...O distances, as well as the distinction of hydrogen bonding and of van der Walls type of interaction, are discussed
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