Relative contribution of abundant and rare species to species–energy relationships

A major goal of ecology is to understand spatial variation in species richness. The latter is markedly influenced by energy availability and appears to be influenced more by common species than rare ones; species–energy relationships should thus be stronger for common species. Species–energy relationships may arise because high-energy areas support more individuals, and these larger populations may buffer species from extinction. As extinction risk is a negative decelerating function of population size, this more-individuals hypothesis (MIH) predicts that rare species should respond more strongly to energy. We investigate these opposing predictions using British breeding bird data and find that, contrary to the MIH, common species contribute more to species–energy relationships than rare ones

Birds and people in Europe

At a regional scale, species richness and human population size are frequently positively correlated across space. Such patterns may arise because both species richness and human density increase with energy availability. If the species-energy relationship is generated through the 'more individuals' hypothesis, then the prediction is that areas with high human densities will also support greater numbers of individuals from other taxa. We use the unique data available for the breeding birds in Europe to test this prediction. Overall regional densities of bird species are higher in areas with more people; species of conservation concern exhibit the same pattern. Avian density also increases faster with human density than does avian biomass, indicating that areas with a higher human density have a higher proportion of small-bodied individuals. The analyses also underline the low numbers of breeding birds in Europe relative to humans, with a median of just three individual birds per person, and 4 g of bird for every kilogram of human

Using presence-absence data to establish reserve selection procedures that are robust to temporal species turnover

Previous studies suggest that a network of nature reserves with maximum efficiency (obtained by selecting the minimum area such that each species is represented once) is likely to be insufficient to maintain species in the network over time. Here, we test the performance of three selection strategies which require presence-absence data, two of them previously proposed (multiple representations and selecting an increasing percentage of each species' range) and a novel one based on selecting the site where each species has exhibited a higher permanence rate in the past. Multiple representations appear to be a safer strategy than selecting a percentage of range because the former gives priority to rarer species while the latter favours the most widespread. The most effective strategy was the one based on the permanence rate, indicating that the robustness of reserve networks can be improved by adopting reserve selection procedures that integrate information about the relative value of sites. This strategy was also very efficient, suggesting that the investment made in the monitoring schemes may be compensated for by a lower cost in reserve acquisition

Thermal tolerance, climatic variability and latitude

The greater latitudinal extents of occurrence of species towards higher latitudes has been attributed to the broadening of physiological tolerances with latitude as a result of increases in climatic variation. While there is some support for such patterns in climate, the physiological tolerances of species across large latitudinal gradients have seldom been assessed. Here we report findings for insects based on published upper and lower lethal temperature data. The upper thermal limits show little geographical variation. In contrast, the lower bounds of supercooling points and lower lethal temperatures do indeed decline with latitude. However, this is not the case for the upper bounds, leading to an increase in the variation in lower lethal limits with latitude. These results provide some support for the physiological tolerance assumption associated with Rapoport's rule, but highlight the need for coupled data on species tolerances and range size

Sources of Breeding Season Mortality in Canadian Arctic Seabirds

In more than 30 years of studies on marine birds in Arctic Canada, we have observed numerous instances of mortality of adults, eggs, and chicks that seem unusual when compared to known sources of mortality for seabirds breeding in temperate or tropical regions. The extreme cold weather and ice conditions of the Arctic might intuitively be expected to be a significant factor in mortality for these Arctic birds. While weather conditions led directly to seabird mortality, other factors, perhaps facilitated by typical Arctic climate features, caused more deaths. In this paper, we summarize mortality incidents that we have witnessed for nine species of Arctic marine birds, as a baseline against which future observations can be made. We also speculate on mechanisms by which climate change could increase mortality of breeding Arctic seabirds in the future.Dans le cadre d’études sur les oiseaux aquatiques qui se sont échelonnées sur plus de 30 ans dans l’Arctique canadien, nous avons observé de nombreuses incidences de mortalité chez les adultes, dans les oeufs et chez les oisillons, incidences qui semblent inhabituelles lorsqu’elles sont comparées aux sources connues de mortalité des oiseaux de mer qui se reproduisent dans les régions tempérées ou tropicales. Intuitivement, nous croyons que le temps froid extrême et le régime des glaces de l’Arctique peuvent représenter un facteur de mortalité important chez ces oiseaux de l’Arctique. Bien que les conditions climatiques aient directement entraîné la mort des oiseaux de mer, d’autres facteurs, qui sont peut-être déclenchés par les caractéristiques climatiques typiques de l’Arctique, ont occasionné d’autres décès. Dans ce document, nous résumons les incidents de mortalité dont nous avons été témoins pour neuf espèces d’oiseaux aquatiques de l’Arctique comme point de référence en vue d’observations futures. Nous émettons également des hypothèses à propos des mécanismes dans le cadre desquels le changement climatique pourrait accroître la mortalité des oiseaux de mer de l’Arctique en reproduction à l’avenir

Status of High Arctic Black-Legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Colonies in Barrow Strait, Nunavut, Canada

We used aerial survey estimates, photographic censuses, and plot counts to examine trends in the size of five black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) colonies around Barrow Strait, eastern Nunavut, Canada, between 1972 and 2007. During these three decades, one small colony disappeared, two medium-sized colonies showed no overall trend, and one moderate and one large colony appeared to increase in size. Collectively, the number of kittiwakes breeding in this region may have increased by over 40%. Counts of kittiwakes at some colonies were markedly low in 2003, following two consecutive years of late, extensive sea ice, although overall there was no significant relationship between numbers of kittiwakes attending colonies and sea-ice extent in Barrow Strait and Lancaster Sound. It is not known why kittiwake colonies in High Arctic Canada have apparently increased while those in West Greenland and elsewhere have declined, or what factors influenced these changes.Entre 1972 et 2007, à l’aide d’estimations effectuées à partir de levés aériens, de recensements photographiques et de dénombrements, nous avons examiné les tendances caractérisant la taille de cinq colonies de mouettes tridactyles (Rissa tridactyla) dans les environs du détroit de Barrow, dans l’est du Nunavut, au Canada. Pendant ces trois décennies, une petite colonie a disparu, deux colonies de taille moyenne n’ont affiché aucune tendance générale, tandis que la taille d’une colonie de taille modérée ainsi que celle d’une colonie de grande taille ont semblé augmenter. Collectivement, le nombre de mouettes tridactyles se reproduisant dans cette région pourrait s’être accru de plus de 40 pour cent. En 2003, le nombre de mouettes tridactyles de certaines colonies était nettement bas, ce qui suivait deux années consécutives de glace de mer tardive et étendue bien que dans l’ensemble, il n’existait pas de relation importante entre le nombre de mouettes tridactyles faisant partie des colonies et l’étendue de la glace de mer dans le détroit de Barrow et le bras de mer de Lancaster. On ne sait pas pourquoi les colonies de mouettes tridactyles de l’Extrême-Arctique sembleraient avoir pris de l’ampleur, tandis que les colonies de l’ouest du Groenland et d’ailleurs se sont amincies. De plus, on ne connaît pas les facteurs qui ont influencé ces changements

Status, Trends and Attendance Patterns of the Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in Nunavut, Canada

Nunavut supports ten breeding colonies of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), most of which have rarely been visited on the ground by biologists. During 2000–04, we surveyed six colonies previously thought to support more than 80% of the Canadian Arctic population, which was believed to number about 300 000 breeding pairs. Our counts suggested that the breeding populations of some colonies, especially those at the largest colonies, Cape Searle and Prince Leopold Island, were substantially smaller than previously estimated. Our estimate for the total population of Nunavut was approximately 200 000 occupied sites. However, counts made at fixed monitoring plots at Prince Leopold Island and total colony estimates at Cape Vera, Devon Island, suggested no change in numbers at those colonies since the 1970s. Numbers present at the colony peaked in late June–early July and fell sharply after the end of July. Cyclical attendance, identified in an earlier study, was irregular in period length and was not seen in all years. We concluded that counts of Apparently Occupied Sites (AOS) conducted daily for 10–15 days are the best monitoring protocol for northern fulmars at these Arctic colonies. The great day-to-day variability in counts may have contributed to the large differences between past and recent population estimates.Le Nunavut permet la subsistance de dix colonies de nidification de fulmars boréaux (Fulmarus glacialis), et rares sont les colonies qui ont été visitées par des biologistes au sol. De 2000 à 2004, nous avons recensé six colonies qui, croyait-on, soutenaient plus de 80 % de la population arctique canadienne, estimée à environ 300 000 couples reproducteurs. Nos dénombrements laissent supposer que les populations d’oiseaux nicheurs de certaines colonies, surtout les colonies les plus grosses, soit celles de cap Searle et de l’île Prince Leopold, sont nettement inférieures aux anciennes estimations. Notre estimation pour toute la population du Nunavut se chiffrait à environ 200 000 sites occupés. Toutefois, les dénombrements effectués à des lieux de surveillance fixes établis sur l’île Prince Leopold et les estimations totales des colonies de cap Vera, sur l’île Devon, laissent supposer qu’il n’y a pas eu de changement en ce qui a trait à ce nombre de colonies depuis les années 1970. Les nombres présents à la colonie ont atteint leur sommet vers la fin juin et le début juillet, après quoi ils ont chuté considérablement après la fin juillet. La fréquentation cyclique, dont il a été question dans une étude antérieure, était irrégulière pour ce qui est de la longueur de la période et n’était pas vue à toutes les années. Nous en avons donc conclu que les dénombrements de sites apparemment occupés qui ont été effectués quotidiennement pendant 10 à 15 jours représentent le meilleur protocole de surveillance des fulmars boréaux de ces colonies arctiques. L’importante variabilité enregistrée d’un jour à l’autre sur le plan des dénombrements pourrait avoir contribué aux grandes différences entre les estimations de population passées et récentes