Comparing the effectiveness of sewage treatment in ground bed under subsurface sewage disposal field

W artykule przedstawiono analizę wyników badań skuteczności oczyszczania ścieków w złożu gruntowym pod drenażem rozsączającym ścieki. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na stanowisku pomiarowym wybudowanym w laboratorium. Do badań wykorzystano ścieki syntetyczne. Złożem gruntowym był żwir z warstwą popiołu mineralnego i piasek pylasty z warstwą popiołu organicznego. Badaniami objęto następujące wskaźniki zanieczyszczenia ścieków: zawiesiny ogólne, BZT5, ChZT, azot ogólny, azot amonowy, azot azotanowy, azot azotynowy, fosfor ogólny i odczyn. Po przefiltrowaniu ścieków przez złoże gruntowe ze żwiru, nastąpił wzrost azotu azotanowego i odczynu. Wartości pozostałych wskaźników w ściekach oczyszczonych uległy zmniejszeniu. BZT5, ChZT, azot ogólny, fosfor ogólny, spełniają obowiązujące zalecenia. Zawiesiny ogólne nie spełniają obowiązujących zaleceń. Natomiast po przefiltrowaniu ścieków przez złoże gruntowe ze żwiru z warstwą popiołu mineralnego, nastąpił wzrost azotu azotanowego i odczynu. Wartości pozostałych wskaźników w ściekach oczyszczonych uległy zmniejszeniu. Zawiesina ogólna, BZT5, ChZT, azot ogólny, fosfor ogólny spełniają obowiązujące zalecenia. Z kolei po przefiltrowaniu ścieków przez złoże gruntowe z piasku pylastego, nastąpił wzrost azotu azotanowego, azotu azotynowego i odczynu. Wartości pozostałych wskaźników w ściekach oczyszczonych uległy zmniejszeniu. BZT5 i fosfor ogólny spełniają obowiązujące zalecenia. Zawiesiny ogólne i azot ogólny nie spełniają obowiązujących zaleceń. Również po przefiltrowaniu ścieków przez złoże gruntowe z piasku pylastego z warstwą popiołu organicznego nastąpił wzrost azotu azotanowego i odczynu. Wartości pozostałych wskaźników w ściekach oczyszczonych uległy zmniejszeniu. BZT5 i fosfor ogólny spełniają obowiązujące zalecenia. Zawiesiny ogólne i azot ogólny nie spełniają obowiązujących zaleceń.The efficiency of sewage treatment in the ground bed under the subsurface sewage disposal field was tested in laboratory conditions using synthetic sewage. The ground bed was composed of gravel with mineral ash and dusty sand with organic ash. The experiment determined the following indicators: suspended solids, BOD5, COD, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus and pH. In the sewage filtered through the ground bed of gravel increase in the values of nitrite nitrogen and pH was observed. The values other indicators of the treated sewage, was undergo a decrease. The BOD5, COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus of the treated sewage, are meeting obligatory recommendations. The suspended solids of the treated sewage, aren’t meeting obligatory recommendations. In the sewage filtered through the ground bed of gravel with mineral ash increase in the values of nitrite nitrogen and pH was observed. The values other indicators of the treated sewage, was undergo a decrease. The suspended solids BOD5, COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus of the treated sewage, are meeting obligatory recommendations. In the sewage filtered through the ground bed of dusty sand increase in the values of nitrite nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and pH was observed. The values other indicators of the treated sewage, was undergo a decrease. The BOD5 and total phosphorus of the treated sewage, are meeting obligatory recommendations. The suspended solids and total nitrogen of the treated sewage, aren’t meeting obligatory recommendations. In the sewage filtered through the ground bed of dusty sand with organic ash increase in the values of nitrite nitrogen and pH was observed. The values other indicators of the treated sewage, was undergo a decrease. The BOD5 and total phosphorus of the treated sewage, are meeting obligatory recommendations. The suspended solids and total nitrogen of the treated sewage, aren’t meeting obligatory recommendations

Research of pigments of blue-green algae spirulina platensis for practical use in confectionery technology

The article presents a study of the process of isolation of natural blue pigment – phycocyanin from the biomass of blue-green algae Spirulina platensis by water extraction, followed using its water solution as a natural food colorant in the production of milk chocolate. Recently, modern food enterprises are pursuing their policy towards expanding the range of products, which is closely related to the increasing needs of the population in food of a new kind. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of food additives of both natural and synthetic origin. Among the similar components widespread found dyes synthetic origin, which have high coverage rates and relatively low cost. However, many of the permitted in our country synthetic food dyes are banned in several developed countries as potentially dangerous to health. Synthetic dyes of red, yellow and green color have many natural analogues – carotenoids, lutein, chlorophyll, etc., except for the blue dye, the analogue of which is only anthocyanins, which are unstable depending on the pH conditions. In this article were identified phycobiliproteins and chlorophyll a in a water extract of spirulina. The mass concentration of phycobiliproteins and chlorophyll a was determined by spectrophotometric method before and after the addition of ammonium sulfate. A comparative analysis of the effect of fractionation (salting out) on the degree of purification of the phycocyanin solution. Presented and described the technological scheme of extraction of phycocyanin which allows to use it in food technologies as an extract or a dry powder. Established the concentration of phycocyanin extract from blue-green algae spirulina to produce milk blue chocolate. Determined organoleptic and hygienic characteristics of the finished produc

Capillary Microfluidic Sensor for Determining the Most Fertile Period in Cows

This paper presents a new method of optoelectronic determination of cow fertility, based on a microfluidic fiber-optic capillary sensor. The current state of the art of fiber-optic capillary sensors is discussed briefly along with aspects of instrumentation and applications. Unlike classical fiber-optic sensors which are based on changes in light propagation inside the fiber in response to external conditions, optical capillary sensors rely on changes of light transmission within capillaries filled with the liquid to be analyzed. This approach opens up interesting new possibilities for the application of capillary microfluidic sensors, while raising specific issues relating to their construction, materials and technology. The investigated sensor uses light switching forced by local heating in a capillary filled with bovine vaginal fluid. The dynamically recorded data were processed in an artificial neural network. We were able to observe changes in the cow's fertility cycle allowing us to identify when an individual cow was in the middle part of standing estrus which is most situated for insemination