The timing of <i>Mecodema</i> diversification.

<p>A) COI Bayesian tree generated in BEAST. Numbers on nodes show age estimates based on stratigraphic calibration of 4 Myr. Outgroup taxa were the same as used in the outgroup test (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone-0086185-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>). Grey branches indicate lineages present in North Island New Zealand, and black branches indicate South Island lineages. Tip symbols correspond to clade and location identifiers in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone-0086185-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>. Coloured symbols match symbols in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone-0086185-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3B</a>, highlighting disjunct lineages in southern North Island and northern South Island. Asterisks indicate age estimates between N.I. and S.I. lineages (* = 1.60 Myr, ** = 1.69 Myr, *** = 2.03 Myr). B) Reconstruction of the paleogeographic environment in lower North Island, New Zealand ca. 3 million years ago, green areas indicating likely land above sea level during this time (modified from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone.0086185-Trewick5" target="_blank">[28]</a>). Black outlines indicate present day New Zealand land area with coloured symbols corresponding to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone-0086185-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3A</a>, showing the present sampling locations of some sister taxa in North Island and South Island. (Scale bar = 100 km.)</p

List of investigated Broscini samples with sample numbers corresponding to numbers in Figures, including species name, genes sequenced per specimen and sampling locations.

<p>(<i>M.</i> = <i>Mecodema</i>; <i>Meta</i> = <i>Metaglymma</i>; <i>O.</i> = <i>Oregus</i>; <i>D.</i> = <i>Diglymma</i>; S.I. = South Island New Zealand; N.I. = North Island New Zealand; BOP = Bay of Plenty; genes analysed: a = COI, COII, 16S, 18S; b = COI, COII, 16S; c = COI, 18S; d = COI; LUNZ = Lincoln University Entomological Research Museum; P = S.M. Pawson collection);</p><p>COI sequences from samples of the <i>Mecodema</i> ingroup marked with * have previously been deposited in Genbank (#JN409817–JN409904) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone.0086185-Goldberg2" target="_blank">[18]</a>.</p

List of Broscini species used in this study with information regarding authority, distribution (S.I. = South Island New Zealand, N.I. = North Island New Zealand; Ch.Is. = Chatham Islands) and number of individuals employed.

<p>List of Broscini species used in this study with information regarding authority, distribution (S.I. = South Island New Zealand, N.I. = North Island New Zealand; Ch.Is. = Chatham Islands) and number of individuals employed.</p

Maximum likelihood phylogeny for <i>Mecodema</i>.

<p>A) Spatial distribution of samples used in this analysis. Symbols correspond to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone-0086185-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2B</a> and code for different clades. B) Analysis of concatenated dataset including mitochondrial COI, COII and 16S plus nuclear 18S. Values at nodes indicate ML bootstrap support returned by analysis using RaxML. Specimen numbers at tips are given as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone-0086185-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Bayesian phylogenetic trees of New Zealand Broscini.

<p>Bayesian trees of a subset of Broscini samples to confirm ingroup and outgroup relationship; A) COI phylogney (10 million generation, run four times, burn in 10%), three taxa outside New Zealand Broscini (<i>Bountya insularis</i>, <i>Chylnus ater</i>, <i>Calathus aztec</i>) were chosen as outgroup (not shown); B) 18S phylogeny (10 million generation, run four times, burn in 10%), three taxa outside New Zealand Broscini (<i>Broscosoma relictum</i>, <i>Promecoderus</i> sp., <i>Creobius eydouxi</i>) comprised the outgroup (not shown).</p

BEAST time estimates based on stratigraphic and COI substitution rate of Coleoptera [44] calibration.

<p>Letters correspond to letters in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086185#pone-0086185-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3A</a>, bold letters denote NODE (A) and ROOT (G).</p