On Distribution-Preserving Mitigation Strategies for Communication under Cognitive Adversaries

In wireless security, cognitive adversaries are known to inject jamming energy on the victim's frequency band and monitor the same band for countermeasures thereby trapping the victim. Under the class of cognitive adversaries, we propose a new threat model wherein the adversary, upon executing the jamming attack, measures the long-term statistic of Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) between its observations over each of the network frequencies before and after the jamming attack. To mitigate this adversary, we propose a new cooperative strategy wherein the victim takes the assistance for a helper node in the network to reliably communicate its message to the destination. The underlying idea is to appropriately split their energy and time resources such that their messages are reliably communicated without disturbing the statistical distribution of the samples in the network. We present rigorous analyses on the reliability and the covertness metrics at the destination and the adversary, respectively, and then synthesize tractable algorithms to obtain near-optimal division of resources between the victim and the helper. Finally, we show that the obtained near-optimal division of energy facilitates in deceiving the adversary with a KLD estimator.Comment: Presented at IEEE ISIT 202

Noncommutativity in interpolating string: A study of gauge symmetries in noncommutative framework

A new Lagrangian description that interpolates between the Nambu--Goto and Polyakov version of interacting strings is given. Certain essential modifications in the Poission bracket structure of this interpolating theory generates noncommutativity among the string coordinates for both free and interacting strings. The noncommutativity is shown to be a direct consequence of the nontrivial boundary conditions. A thorough analysis of the gauge symmetry is presented taking into account the new modified constraint algebra, which follows from the noncommutative structures and finally a smooth correspondence between gauge symmetry and reparametrisation is established.Comment: 14 pages Late

Normal ordering and non(anti)commutativity in open super strings

Nonanticommutativity in an open super string moving in the presence of a background antisymmetric tensor field $\mathcal{B}_{\mu \nu}$ is investigated in a conformal field theoretic approach, leading to nonanticommutative structures. In contrast to several discussions, in which boundary conditions are taken as Dirac constraints, we first obtain the mode algebra by using the newly proposed normal ordering, which satisfies both equations of motion and boundary conditions. Using these the anticommutator among the fermionic string coordinates is obtained. Interestingly, in contrast to the bosonic case, this new normal ordering plays an important role in uncovering the underlying nonanticommutative structure between the fermionic string coordinates. We feel that our approach is more transparent than the previous ones and the results we obtain match with the existing results in the literature.Comment: Comments 10 pages latex, accepted for publication in Physical Review

Parameterizing ice nucleation rates using contact angle and activation energy derived from laboratory data

The rate of ice nucleation in clouds is not easily determined and large discrepancies exist between model predictions and actual ice crystal concentration measured in clouds. In an effort to improve the parameterization of ice nucleating in cloud models, we investigate the rate of heterogeneous ice nucleation under specific ambient conditions by knowing the sizes as well as two thermodynamic parameters of the ice nuclei – contact angle and activation energy. Laboratory data of freezing and deposition nucleation modes were analyzed to derive inversely the two thermodynamic parameters for a variety of ice nuclei, including mineral dusts, bacteria, pollens, and soot particles. The analysis considered the Zeldovich factor for the adjustment of ice germ formation, as well as the solute and curvature effects on surface tension; the latter effects have strong influence on the contact angle. Contact angle turns out to be a more important factor than the activation energy in discriminating the nucleation capabilities of various ice nuclei species. By extracting these thermodynamic parameters, laboratory results can be converted into a formulation that follows classical nucleation theory, which then has the flexibility of incorporating factors such as the solute effect and curvature effect that were not considered in the experiments. Due to various uncertainties, contact angle and activation energy derived in this study should be regarded as "apparent" thermodynamics parameters

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF APAMARGA PRATI-SHARANIYA (TEEKSHNA) KSHARA (LOCAL APPLICATION) HARITAKI CHURNA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ARSHA (HEMORRHOIDS)

Arsha (Hemorrhoids) is one of the most common conditions affecting peoples since time immemorial. The prevalence is equal in both sexes, peaks between the ages of 45 and 65 and declining thereafter. The main cause of hemorrhoids is constipation over a prolonged period of time and has to strain to pass stools, it can damage the lining of anal canal. Sushruta the Father of Surgery advocated four method of treatment of Arsha, which are Bheshaja, Kshara, Agni and Shastra. Under Sushrutas operative procedure local application of Pratisharaniya Kshara in the prolapse piles mass helps to reduce pile mass effectively (Ref.Su.Chi.6). It is safe, cheap, effective, simple, easily approachable procedure and ambulatory treatment and the patients acceptability is good to overcome such problem. Aims & Objective is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Apamarga Pratisharaniya teekshna kshara in the management of Arsha. & to evaluate the safety of Apamarga Pratisharaniya teekshna kshara in the management of Arsha. Material and Methods: 30 patients were enrolled for the study within a period of one year and Teekshna pratisharaniya kshara was applied on piles mass intra anally under operative procedure with the help of a instrument proctoscope. Observation and result: Reduction in the piles mass evident by Inspection/ proctoscopy /Visual perception was observed remarkably.Bleeding and pain were also reduced remarkably in all the piles patient. 100% relief in bleeding, reduction of pile mass and total reduction in size of pile mass was recorded. Conclusion: Recently these Oldest technique advocated by Sushruta have been proven to be most effective and free from post-operative complications