<i>Group</i>-level <i>grey</i> matter <i>reductions</i> in patients with TRD compared with healthy matched controls.

<p>PV- periventricular grey matter, C—caudate reductions, H—habenula and IN—insula.</p

<i>Group</i>-level <i>grey</i> matter <i>reductions</i> in patients with TRD compared with healthy matched controls.

<p>PV- periventricular grey matter, C—caudate reductions, H—habenula and IN—insula.</p

Clinical descriptors for the TRD and healthy control groups in the structural MRI analysis.

<p>*chi-square test with other tests being t-tests.</p><p>Variables are shown as mean (standard deviation).</p

Overlapping grey matter regions between features selected during classification (purple/blue) and regions selected in the VBM analysis (red/purple).

<p>Overlapping grey matter regions between features selected during classification (purple/blue) and regions selected in the VBM analysis (red/purple).</p

Feature selection (Gaussian SVM) identified brain regions in <i>grey</i> matter.

<p>PV—periventricular grey matter; C—caudate; IN—insula.</p

Treatment Resistance, State Illness Severity and Current Medication.

<p>No patients had psychotic symptoms and quetiapine was prescribed as an augmentation agent for antidepressants [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132958#pone.0132958.ref071" target="_blank">71</a>], similar to the long established use of lithium, L-tryptophan and tri-iodothyronine in treatment resistant depression. No obvious relationships between current medication and treatment resistance/state illness severity were present. ‘mg’ indicates total dose per day, ‘mcg’ total micrograms per day.</p

Analysis of neural responses to increasing social exclusion.

<p>(A) Neural responses to increasing social exclusion in the mPFC of controls. (B) Between group differences: controls exhibited greater strength in the relationship between increasing exclusion and brain activity in the mPFC than patients. All images are thresholded at p<0.05 corrected. Bottom right: plot of the parameter estimates for increasing social exclusion averaged across voxels in a 10 mm diameter sphere centred at (6,38,−4). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

Patient and control details.

<p>Values are mean ± DS; NART, National Adult Reading Test; BDI, Beck depression inventory; SP, Spielberg anxiety scale; RSES, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; (*) significant difference between groups.</p

Group comparison in the strength of the relationship between increasing social exclusion and brain activity.

<p>Coordinates (x, y, z) reported in MNI space; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex. All results significant at p<0.05 corrected. The Z value of the peak voxel of the region is reported.</p

Within group brain activations as social exclusion increases or decreases.

<p>Coordinates (x, y, z) reported in MNI space; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; <i>r</i>/<i>l</i> = right/left. All results significant at p<0.05 corrected. The Z value of the peak voxel of the region is reported.</p