Advances in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging for archaeology and art conservation

Multispectral imaging has been applied to the field of art conservation and art history since the early 1990s. It is attractive as a noninvasive imaging technique because it is fast and hence capable of imaging large areas of an object giving both spatial and spectral information. This paper gives an overview of the different instrumental designs, image processing techniques and various applications of multispectral and hyperspectral imaging to art conservation, art history and archaeology. Recent advances in the development of remote and versatile multispectral and hyperspectral imaging as well as techniques in pigment identification will be presented. Future prospects including combination of spectral imaging with other noninvasive imaging and analytical techniques will be discussed

Bombus xelajuensis - a new species of bumblebee from Guatemala (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A new bumblebee species from a single location in highland Guatemala is described based on a type series of 10 queens and 21 workers. B. xelajuensis is morphologically very close to B. trinominatus and seems also rare and restricted to a small area. Differences in colouring are obvious, however. Triangular graphing of several characters indicative of body proportions for queens of B. xelajuensis and B. trinominatus supports their being two seperate species

A note on Bombus rohweri with a description of the queen (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A new bumblebee species of the subgenus Megabombus is described from the Chilean Lake District. The type series consists of 74 queens, 36 workers and a single male. Queens show a tendency to melanism as has also been observed for the European B. hortorum and B. ruderatus. B. villarricaensis is both morphologically and in colouration close to those species but a number of differences are enumerated. The very considerable geographic separation from the known Garden bumblebees would also support specific ranking

Bombus krusemani - a new bumblebee species from Guatemala (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A new species of bumblebee, Bombus krusemani, is described. The description is based on 7 queens en 3 workers all taken by the author near Antigua, Guatemala in November 1988. The new species is apperently closely related to B. brachycephalus Handirsch and therefore most likely to be assigned to the subgenus Fraternobombus Skorikov

Bombus villarricaensis, a new Garden bumblebee from. Suthern Chile (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A new bumblebee species of the subgenus Megabombus is described from the Chilean Lake District. The type series consists of 74 queens, 36 workers and a single male. Queens show a tendency to melanism as has also been observed for the European B. hortorum and B. ruderatus. B. villarricaensis is both morphologically and in colouration close to those species but a number of differences are enumerated. The very considerable geographic separation from the known Garden bumblebees would also support specific ranking