Influence of size, shape, type of nanoparticles, type and temperature of the base fluid on natural convection MHD of nanofluids

AbstractIn this paper, we have presented MHD natural convection boundary layer flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of nanofluid through porous media over a vertical cone influenced by different aspects of nanoparticles such as size, shape, type of nanoparticles and type of the base fluid and working temperature of base fluid. To increase the physical significance of the problem, we have taken dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity as the functions of local volume fraction of nanoparticles. The drift-flux model of nanofluids, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and enhancement ratio parameters are also considered in the present analysis. The influence of non-dimensional parameters such as magnetic field (M), buoyancy ratio parameter (Nr), conductivity parameter (Nc), viscosity parameter (Nv), Brownian motion parameter (Nb), thermophoresis parameter (Nt), Lewis number (Le) on velocity, temperature and volume fraction of nanoparticles in the boundary layer region is examined in detail. Furthermore the impact of these parameters on local Nusselt number (Nux) and enhancement ratio hnfhbf is also investigated. The results of present study reveal that significant natural convection heat transfer enhancement is noticed as the size of nanoparticles decreases. Moreover, type of the nanoparticles and type of the base fluid also influenced the natural convection heat transfer

PELABELAN GRACEFUL GANJIL PADA GRAF DUPLIKASI DAN SPLIT BINTANG

Graph  is not an empty a finite of the objects that called point (vertex) with the couple was not that is the side (edge). The set point  denoted by , while the set edge denoted by . Odd graceful labeling on graph  with  side is a function injective from so that induced function  such that  in label with  so label sides would be different. A graph  that have an odd graceful labeling is called odd graceful graph. The result showed that duplicate star graph  for and split star graph  for , for  even satisfie odd graceful labeling

<i>In Vitro</i> Activity of Two Cefepime-Based Novel Combinations, Cefepime/Taniborbactam and Cefepime/Zidebactam, against Carbapenemase-Expressing <i>Enterobacterales </i>Collected in India

In recent times, discovery efforts for novel antibiotics have mostly targeted carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms. Two different combination approaches are pertinent: b-lactam-b-lactamase inhibitor (BL/BLI) or b-lactam-b-lactam enhancer (BL/ BLE). Cefepime combined with a BLI, taniborbactam, or with a BLE, zidebactam, has been shown to be promising. In this study, we determined the in vitro activity of both these agents along with comparators against multicentric carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE). Nonduplicate CPE isolates of Escherichia coli (n = 270) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 300), collected from nine different tertiary-care hospitals across India during 2019 to 2021, were included in the study. Carbapenemases in these isolates were detected by PCR. E. coli isolates were also screened for the presence of the 4-Amino-Acid insert in penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3). MICs were determined by reference broth microdilution. Higher MICs of cefepime/taniborbactam (.8 mg/L) were linked to NDM, both in K. pneumoniae and in E. coli. In particular, such higher MICs were observed in 88 to 90% of E. coli isolates producing NDM and OXA-48-like or NDM alone. On the other hand, OXA-48-like-producing E. coli or K. pneumoniae isolates were nearly 100% susceptible to cefepime/taniborbactam. Regardless of the carbapenemase types and the pathogens, cefepime/ zidebactam showed potent activity (.99% inhibited at#8mg/L). It seems that the 4-amino-Acid insert in PBP3 (present universally in the study E. coli isolates) along with NDM adversely impact the activity of cefepime/taniborbactam. Thus, the limitations of the BL/BLI approach in tackling the complex interplay of enzymatic and nonenzymatic resistance mechanisms were better revealed in whole-cell studies where the activity observed was a net effect of b-lactamase inhibition, cellular uptake, and target affinity of the combination. IMPORTANCE The study revealed the differential ability of cefepime/taniborbactam and cefepime/zidebactam in tackling carbapenemase-producing Indian clinical isolates that also harbored additional mechanisms of resistance. NDM-expressing E. coli with 4-Amino-Acid insert in PBP3 are predominately resistant to cefepime/taniborbactam, while the b-lactam enhancer mechanism-based cefepime/zidebactam showed consistent activity against single-or dual-carbapenemase-producing isolates including E. coli with PBP3 inserts.</p