Assessment of Prevalence of Obesity among Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Diabetic Out Patient Clinic, of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria

Introduction: Assessment of prevalence of obesity among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in diabetic outpatient clinic, UNTH, Ituku/Ozalla was carried out. This research aimed to ascertain the impact of obesity in the development of diabetes mellitus and to know the prevalence of obesity in both gender.Methodology: The study was conducted in Wednesday Diabetic out-patient clinic University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku/Ozalla. A total number of 211 patients were used: 102 males and 109 females. The patients were all adults. Data was collected using anthropometric measurement ranging from weight and height measurement, waist and hip circumference. BMI and waist-hip ratio calculated from the variables were used to assess whether the patients were obese, overweight, normal or underweight. Data was analyzed as percentage, Z score statistics was used to analyze to help ascertain if there is difference in prevalence of obesity in male and female.Result: The results showed that higher percentage of the patients were either obese or overweight (56.4% and 58.29%) using BMI and waist-hip ratio respectively. Female type 2 diabetes were seen to be more obese or overweight 67.82% and 82.57% when compared to their male counterpart 43.1% and 32.35% using BMI and waist-hip ratio. The reasons may be due to the following: pregnancy, menopause, sedentary life style, less activity, use of contraceptives and dietary habits. Conclusion: However from the study, it is now evident that obesity is diabetogenic revealing the importance of maintaining normal weight and also weight reduction if overweight/obese. These could be achieved by public education about obesity and its complications, incorporating obesity and diabetes education in the school curriculum, enlightening the public on this issue through mass media. Keywords: Assessment, Prevalence, Obesity, Newly–Diagnosed, Type-2-Diabetic-Patients

Attitude and Barriers to the Management of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity

Background: Attitude and barriers to the management of childhood and adolescent obesity were assessed. Methodology: This study was conducted in 3 places. This includes: University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Ogbete Main Market Enugu and Ituku village all in Enugu state. The primary data were collected from members of  the respondents through the use of structured questionnaires administered personally by the researchers. A sample of 200 respondents was chosen which included civil servants traders, farmers, housewives, students, and contract workers. The data analysis was performed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16. Frequency distributions were run on all variables and were completed separately for each occupational group. Result: shows that amongst the respondents, 22% believed that childhood and adolescent obesity increases the risk of obesity in adulthood, 9.5% believed that it is the leading cause of pediatrics hypertension, 15% said that it is associated with type II diabetes in adulthood, 9.5% believed that it increases the risk of coronary heart disease, 2% said that it increases the stress of weight bearing joints, 25% believed that it lowers self esteem, and affects the relationships with peers while 7% believed that childhood and adolescent obesity has negative impact on child health. Also, it was found that amongst the accepted methods used in the management of childhood and adolescent obesity, 53% of the respondents accepted dietary method, 39.5% accepted physical activity, 6.5% accepted pharmacological therapy while 1% accepted bariatric surgery. Among the accepted methods, it shows that dietary method is more likely accepted, followed by physical activity (39.5%), Pharmacological therapy (13%) and bariatric surgery (2%) respectively. Significant differences were found among the accepted methods (P < 0.05). Amongst the unaccepted methods bariatric surgery was more likely not be accepted, followed by pharmacological therapy, physical activity and dietary management respectively and the acceptance differs significantly (P < 0.05). Keywords: Attitude, Barriers, Management, Childhood, Adolescent, Obesit

Age and frailty are independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality and increased care needs in survivors: results of an international multi-centre study

Introduction: Increased mortality has been demonstrated in older adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the effect of frailty has been unclear. Methods: This multi-centre cohort study involved patients aged 18 years and older hospitalised with COVID-19, using routinely collected data. We used Cox regression analysis to assess the impact of age, frailty and delirium on the risk of inpatient mortality, adjusting for sex, illness severity, inflammation and co-morbidities. We used ordinal logistic regression analysis to assess the impact of age, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and delirium on risk of increased care requirements on discharge, adjusting for the same variables. Results: Data from 5,711 patients from 55 hospitals in 12 countries were included (median age 74, interquartile range [IQR] 54–83; 55.2% male). The risk of death increased independently with increasing age (>80 versus 18–49: hazard ratio [HR] 3.57, confidence interval [CI] 2.54–5.02), frailty (CFS 8 versus 1–3: HR 3.03, CI 2.29–4.00) inflammation, renal disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but not delirium. Age, frailty (CFS 7 versus 1–3: odds ratio 7.00, CI 5.27–9.32), delirium, dementia and mental health diagnoses were all associated with increased risk of higher care needs on discharge. The likelihood of adverse outcomes increased across all grades of CFS from 4 to 9. Conclusion: Age and frailty are independently associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. Risk of increased care needs was also increased in survivors of COVID-19 with frailty or older age.</p