Antibacterial and dermal toxicological profiles of ethyl acetate extract from Crassocephalum bauchiense (Hutch.) Milne-Redh (Asteraceae)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The emergence in recent years of numerous resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria to a range of formerly efficient antibiotics constitutes a serious threat to public health. <it>Crassocephalum bauchiense</it>, a medicinal herb found in the West Region of Cameroon is used to treat gastrointestinal infections as well as liver disorders. The ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of <it>C. bauchiense </it>was evaluated for its antibacterial activity as well as acute and sub-acute toxicities.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The plant extract was prepared by maceration in ethyl acetate. Its phytochemical screening was done by standard methods. The broth microdilution method was used to evaluate the <it>in vitro </it>antibacterial activity. The <it>in vivo </it>antibacterial activity of a gel formulation (0.05, 1 and 2% w/v) of this extract was evaluated using a <it>Staphylococcus aureus</it>-induced dermatitis in a murine model. Selected haematological and biochemical parameters were used to evaluate the dermal sub-acute toxicity of the extract in rats.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phytochemical screening of the <it>C. bauchiense </it>extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins and sterols. <it>In vitro </it>antibacterial activities were observed against all the tested microorganisms (MIC = 0.04-6.25 mg/ml). Formulated extract-gel (2% w/v) and gentamycin (reference drug) eradicated the microbial infection after five days of treatment. A single dermal dose of this extract up to 32 g/kg body weight (bw) did not produce any visible sign of toxicity. Also, daily dermal application of the <it>C. bauchiense </it>extract gel formulation for 28 days did not show any negative effect, instead some biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT and AST), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides were significantly (p < 0.05) affected positively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicate that the <it>C. bauchiense </it>ethyl acetate extract can be used safely for the treatment of some bacterial infections.</p

Anthocleistenolide, a new rearranged nor-secoirldoid derivative from the stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii

A new rearranged nor-secoiridoid, anthocleistenolide (1), along with the known 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (2), 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone (3), 7 alpha-hydroxysitosterol (4) and sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), were isolated from the stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral studies and comparison with published data. Compounds 1 - 3 and 5 were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Relatively low anti-staphylococcal (MIC=200 mu g/mL against Staphylococcus aureus) and anti-enterococcal (MIC = 100 mu g/mL against Enterococcus faecalis) activities were observed for 1, while compounds 2 and 3 were active against Candida parapsilosis (MIC = 200 mu g/mL for 2 and 25 mu g/mL for 3). Compound 5 was inactive against all the bacterial and fungal species used

Anthocleistenolide, a new rearranged nor-secoirldoid derivative from the stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii

A new rearranged nor-secoiridoid, anthocleistenolide (1), along with the known 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (2), 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone (3), 7 alpha-hydroxysitosterol (4) and sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), were isolated from the stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral studies and comparison with published data. Compounds 1 - 3 and 5 were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Relatively low anti-staphylococcal (MIC=200 mu g/mL against Staphylococcus aureus) and anti-enterococcal (MIC = 100 mu g/mL against Enterococcus faecalis) activities were observed for 1, while compounds 2 and 3 were active against Candida parapsilosis (MIC = 200 mu g/mL for 2 and 25 mu g/mL for 3). Compound 5 was inactive against all the bacterial and fungal species used

Degraded diterpenoids from the stem bark of Neoboutonia mannii

Neoboutomannin (1), a degraded diterpenoid dimer, and manniorthoquinone (2), another degraded diterpenoid, have been isolated from the stem bark of Neoboutonia mannii Benth (Euphorbiaceae), together with the known 3-acetylaleuritolic acid (3), 3,6-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (4) and sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral studies and comparison with published data. Compounds 1, 3, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. 1, 3 and 4 were active against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and three Candida species, Candida albicans ATCC 9002, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. Compound 5 was inactive against all the bacterial and fungal species used.

NMR Assignment and Antimicrobical/Antioxidant Activities of 1beta-Hydroxyeuscaphic acid from the Seeds of Butyrospermum parkii

Phytochemical investigation of the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions obtained from the crude methanol extract of the seeds of Butyrospermum parkii led to the isolation of seven compounds including 1β,2α,3α- trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (1β-hydroxyeuscaphic acid) which full NMR assignment is herein reported for the first time. The above extract, fractions and some of the isolated compounds were screened for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities; 1β-hydroxyeuscaphic acid was the more poten