Novo neonicotinóide associado a regulador de crescimento de insetos, no controle da mosca-branca e do pulgão na cultura do algodão.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da nova molécula química dinotefuram, pertencente ao grupo dos neonicotinóides, associada a um análogo do hormônio juvenil (piriproxifem), em aplicação foliar, no controle da mosca-branca B. tabaci Biótipo B e do pulgão A. gossypii, em algodoeiro. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, dinotefuram + piriproxifem a 25 + 12,5; 50 + 12,5; 75 + 12,5; 25 + 25; 50 + 25; 75 + 25 e dinotefuram a 75 g i.a./ha. Cada parcela foi de 48m2. Para aplicação foliar, utilizou-se um pulverizador costal equipado com barra contendo seis pontas cônicas (TXVK-8), propelido por CO2 e volume de 200 L/ha. Foram realizadas avaliações de eficiência dos tratamentos aos 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias após a aplicação, contando-se o número de ninfas de mosca-branca e o número de pulgões em 10 folhas por parcela. Pela análise dos resultados, concluiu-se que o inseticida dinotefuram associado ao piriproxifem, foi eficiente no controle de ninfas de mosca-branca e do pulgão, igualando-se aos padrões já utilizados

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

2,000 Year old β-thalassemia case in Sardinia suggests malaria was endemic by the Roman period

OBJECTIVES: The island of Sardinia has one of the highest incidence rates of β-thalassemia in Europe due to its long history of endemic malaria, which, according to historical records, was introduced around 2,600 years ago by the Punics and only became endemic around the Middle Ages. In particular, the cod39 mutation is responsible for more than 95% of all β-thalassemia cases observed on the island. Debates surround the origin of the mutation. Some argue that its presence in the Western Mediterranean reflects the migration of people away from Sardinia, others that it reflects the colonization of the island by the Punics who might have carried the disease allele. The aim of this study was to investigate β-globin mutations, including cod39, using ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis, to better understand the history and origin of β-thalassemia and malaria in Sardinia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PCR analysis followed by sequencing were used to investigate the presence of β-thalassemia mutations in 19 individuals from three different Roman and Punic necropolises in Sardinia. RESULTS: The cod39 mutation was identified in one male individual buried in a necropolis from the Punic/Roman period. Further analyses have shown that his mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplogroups were U5a and I2a1a1, respectively, indicating the individual was probably of Sardinian origin. CONCLUSIONS: This is the earliest documented case of β-thalassemia in Sardinia to date. The presence of such a pathogenic mutation and its persistence until present day indicates that malaria was likely endemic on the island by the Roman period, earlier than the historical sources suggest

Economic evaluation of supercritical fluid and pressurized liquid extraction to obtain phytonutrients from biquinho pepper: analysis of single and sequential-stage processes

The economic evaluation of single stages of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and sequential high-pressure extraction (SFE + PLE) was performed for the obtention of capsiate-rich oleoresin and phenolics from biquinho pepper. SuperPro Designer was used to estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM), which was calculated for each kinetic yield point to define the end of the extraction to be used in the evaluation of the sequential process. Extractor volumes of 5, 50, and 500 L were considered. The evaluation of single stages (50 L and 500 L scales) showed the lowest COM for capsiate and phenolic compounds at the solvent to feed mass ratios of 4.9 and 10, respectively. For both cases, the scale-up reduced the COM. The COM values obtained for the sequential process were lower than the commercialization price of the extracts, which suggests that producing biquinho derived products is economically attractive165COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informação2015/18119-0; 2017/16903-0; 2017/23670-