Not Quite Right: Representations of Eastern Europeans in ECJ Discourse

Although the increasing responsiveness of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ‘ECJ’) jurisprudence to western Member States’ concerns regarding Central and Eastern European (‘CEE’) nationals’ mobility has garnered academic attention, ECJ discourse has not been scrutinised for how it approaches the CEE region or CEE movers. Applying postcolonial theory, this article seeks to fill this gap and to explore whether there are any indications that ECJ discourse is in line with the historical western-centric inferiorisation of the CEE region. A critical discourse analysis of a set of ECJ judgments and corresponding Advocate General opinions pertaining to CEE nationals illustrates not only how the ECJ adopts numerous discursive strategies to maintain its authority, but also how it tends to prioritise values of the western Member States, while overlooking interests of CEE movers. Its one-sided approach is further reinforced by referring to irrelevant facts and negative assumptions to create an image of CEE nationals as socially and economically inferior to westerners, as not belonging to the proper EU polity and as not quite deserving of EU law’s protections. By silencing CEE nationals’ voices, while disregarding the background of east/west socio-economic and political power differentials and precariousness experienced by many CEE workers in the west, such racialising discourse normalises ethnicity- and class-based stereotypes. These findings also help to contextualise both EU and western policies targeting CEE movers and evidence of their unequal outcomes in the west, and are in line with today’s nuanced expressions of racisms. By illustrating the ECJ’s role in addressing values pertinent to mobile CEE individuals, this study facilitates a fuller appreciation of the ECJ’s power in shaping and reflecting western-centric EU identity and policies. Engaging with such issues will not only allow us to better appreciate—and question—the ECJ’s legitimacy, but might also facilitate a better understanding of power dynamics within the EU. This study also makes significant theoretical and methodological contributions. It expands (and complicates) the application of postcolonial theory to contemporary intra-EU processes, while illustrating the usefulness of applying critical discourse analysis to exploring differentiation, exclusion, subordination and power within legal language

A 100-\ub5W 4-6 GHz Cryogenic InP HEMT LNA Achieving an Average Noise Temperature of 2.6 K

Low-power LNAs at 4 K are critical for the scaling up of quantum computing systems due to the limited cooling capability in the dilution refrigerator. This paper presents design and fabrication of a cryogenic hybrid three-stage InP HEMT LNA working from 4 to 6 GHz. The design was conducted using a DC power optimized bias model of the InP HEMT. The 4 K measurement showed 2.6 K average noise temperature and more than 22 dB average gain of the InP HEMT LNA consuming only 100 \ub5W DC power

Single-Flange 2-Port TRL Calibration for Accurate THz S-Parameter Measurements of Waveguide Integrated Circuits

This paper describes a single flange 2-port measurement setup for S-parameter characterization of waveguide integrated devices. The setup greatly reduces calibration and measurement uncertainty by eliminating vector network analyzer (VNA) extender cable movement and minimizing the effect of waveguide manufacturing tolerances. Change time of standards is also improved, reducing the influence of VNA drift on the uncertainty. A TRL calibration kit has been manufactured and measurements are demonstrated in WR-03 (220–325 GHz)

Single-Flange 2-Port TRL Calibration for Accurate THz S-Parameter Measurements of Waveguide Integrated Circuits

This paper describes a single flange 2-port measurement setup for S-parameter characterization of waveguide integrated devices. The setup greatly reduces calibration and measurement uncertainty by eliminating vector network analyzer (VNA) extender cable movement and minimizing the effect of waveguide manufacturing tolerances. Change time of standards is also improved, reducing the influence of VNA drift on the uncertainty. A TRL calibration kit has been manufactured and measurements are demonstrated in WR-03 (220–325 GHz)

Single Flange 2-port Design For THz Integrated Circuit S-parameter Characterization

A single flange 2-port TRL calibration and measurement setup for accurate THz S-parameter characterization of integrated membrane circuit devices is proposed. The proposed setup facilitates shorter access waveguides, which greatly improves the calibration uncertainty

Influence of waveguide width errors on TRL and LRL calibrations

This paper investigates the impact of the waveguide width tolerance in TE10 mode waveguide TRL/LRL calibration kits. This is important for vector network analyzer measurements in the THZ range where waveguide tolerances become large compared the wavelength and to cross sectional dimensions. Besides causing reflections in the waveguide interface, the waveguide width tolerance also causes a change in the propagation constant that can shift the reference planes and cause problems in estimating the propagation constant of the Line standard. We conclude that the tolerances may cause a significant uncertainty contribution and may limit the useful band of the calibration kit

VNA-calibration and S-parameter characterization of submillimeter wave integrated membrane circuits

A TRL-calibration kit enabling S-parameter characterization of membrane circuits has been developed for the WR-03 band. The TRL-design features 3 μm thick GaAs membrane circuits packaged in E-plane split waveguide blocks. Membrane filters have been characterized after the calibration

Submillimeter Wave S-Parameter Characterization of Integrated Membrane Circuits

We demonstrate S-parameter characterization of membrane circuits in the WR-03 frequency band (220-325 GHz) utilizing thru-reflect-line (TRL) -calibration technique. The TRL calibration kit design features 3 μm thick GaAs membrane circuits packaged in E-plane split waveguide blocks with the reference planes inside the membrane circuit structure. A 300 GHz membrane ring resonator filter circuit has been characterized by applying the proposed calibration kit, showing good agreement with simulations