A radio and infrared exploration of the Cygnus X-3 environments

To confirm, or rule out, the possible hot spot nature of two previously detected radio sources in the vicinity of the Cygnus X-3 microquasar. We present the results of a radio and near infrared exploration of the several arc-minute field around the well known galactic relativistic jet source Cygnus X-3 using the Very Large Array and the Calar Alto 3.5~m telescope. The data this paper is based on do not presently support the hot spot hypothesis. Instead, our new observations suggest that these sources are most likely background or foreground objects. Actually, none of them appears to be even barely extended as would be expected if they were part of a bow shock structure. Our near infrared observations also include a search for extended emission in the Bracket $\gamma$ (2.166 $\mu$m) and $H_{2}$ (2.122 $\mu$m) lines as possible tracers of shocked gas in the Cygnus X-3 surroundings. The results were similarly negative and the corresponding upper limits are reported.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A; 5 pages, 4 figure

Measurement driven quantum evolution

We study the problem of mapping an unknown mixed quantum state onto a known pure state without the use of unitary transformations. This is achieved with the help of sequential measurements of two non-commuting observables only. We show that the overall success probability is maximized in the case of measuring two observables whose eigenstates define mutually unbiased bases. We find that for this optimal case the success probability quickly converges to unity as the number of measurement processes increases and that it is almost independent of the initial state. In particular, we show that to guarantee a success probability close to one the number of consecutive measurements must be larger than the dimension of the Hilbert space. We connect these results to quantum copying, quantum deleting and entanglement generation.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur

The distribution of potential West Nile virus vectors, Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Mexico City

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Culex </it>spp. mosquitoes are considered to be the most important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) detected in at least 34 species of mosquitoes in the United States. In North America, <it>Culex pipiens pipiens, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus</it>, and <it>Culex tarsalis </it>are all competent vectors of WNV, which is considered to be enzootic in the United States and has also been detected in equines and birds in many states of Mexico and in humans in Nuevo Leon. There is potential for WNV to be introduced into Mexico City by various means including infected mosquitoes on airplanes, migrating birds, ground transportation and infected humans. Little is known of the geographic distribution of <it>Culex pipiens </it>complex mosquitoes and hybrids in Mexico City. <it>Culex pipiens pipiens </it>preferentially feed on avian hosts; <it>Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus </it>have historically been considered to prefer mammalian hosts; and hybrids of these two species could theoretically serve as bridge vectors to transmit WNV from avian hosts to humans and other mammalian hosts. In order to address the potential of WNV being introduced into Mexico City, we have determined the identity and spatial distribution of <it>Culex pipiens </it>complex mosquitoes and their hybrids.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mosquito larvae collected from 103 sites throughout Mexico City during 2004-2005 were identified as <it>Culex, Culiseta </it>or <it>Ochlerotatus </it>by morphological analysis. Within the genus <it>Culex</it>, specimens were further identified as <it>Culex tarsalis </it>or as belonging to the <it>Culex pipiens </it>complex. Members of the <it>Culex pipiens </it>complex were separated by measuring the ratio of the dorsal and ventral arms (DV/D ratio) of the male genitalia and also by using diagnostic primers designed for the <it>Ace.2 </it>gene. <it>Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus </it>was the most abundant form collected.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Important WNV vectors species, <it>Cx. p. pipiens</it>, <it>Cx. p. quinquefasciatus </it>and <it>Cx. tarsalis</it>, are all present in Mexico City. Hybrids of <it>Cx. p. pipiens </it>and <it>Cx. p. quinquefasciatus </it>were also collected and identified. The presence and abundance of these WNV competent vectors is a cause for concern. Understanding the distribution of these vectors can help improve viral surveillance activities and mosquito control efforts in Mexico City.</p

Growth Factor Binding Peptides in Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA)-Based Hydrogels for an Improved Healing Response of Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Growth factors (GF) are critical cytokines in wound healing. However, the direct delivery of these biochemical cues into a wound site significantly increases the cost of wound dressings and can lead to a strong immunological response due to the introduction of a foreign source of GFs. To overcome this challenge, we designed a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel with the potential capacity to sequester autologous GFs directly from the wound site. We demonstrated that synthetic peptide sequences covalently tethered to PEGDA hydrogels physically retained human transforming growth factor beta 1 (hTGFβ1) and human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF) at 3.2 and 0.6 ng/mm2, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that retained hTGFβ1 and hVEGF enhanced human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) average cell surface area and proliferation, respectively, and that exposure to both GFs resulted in up to 1.9-fold higher fraction of area covered relative to the control. After five days in culture, relative to the control surface, non-covalently bound hTGFβ1 significantly increased the expression of collagen type I and hTGFβ1 and downregulated vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression. Cumulatively, the response of HDFa to hTGFβ1 aligns well with the expected response of fibroblasts during the early stages of wound healing

Estimation of the charge carrier localization length from Gaussian fluctuations in the magneto-thermopower of La_{0.6}Y_{0.1}Ca_{0.3}MnO_3

The magneto-thermoelectric power (TEP) $\Delta S(T,H)$ of perovskite type manganise oxide $La_{0.6}Y_{0.1}Ca_{0.3}MnO_3$ is found to exhibit a sharp peak at some temperature $T^{*}=170K$. By approximating the true shape of the measured magneto-TEP in the vicinity of $T^{*}$ by a linear triangle of the form $\Delta S(T,H)\simeq S_p(H)\pm B^{\pm}(H)(T^{*}-T)$, we observe that $B ^{-}(H)\simeq 2B ^{+}(H)$. We adopt the electron localization scenario and introduce a Ginzburg-Landau (GL) type theory which incorporates the two concurrent phase transitions, viz., the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition at the Curie point $T_C$ and the "metal-insulator" (M-I) transition at $T_{MI}$. The latter is characterized by the divergence of the field-dependent charge carrier localization length $\xi (T,H)$ at some characteristic field $H_0$. Calculating the average and fluctuation contributions to the total magnetization and the transport entropy related magneto-TEP $\Delta S(T,H)$ within the GL theory, we obtain a simple relationship between $T^{*}$ and the above two critical temperatures ($T_{C}$ and $T_{MI}$). The observed slope ratio $B ^{-}(H)/B ^{+}(H)$ is found to be governed by the competition between the electron-spin exchange $JS$ and the induced magnetic energy $M_sH_0$. The comparison of our data with the model predictions produce $T_{C}=195K$, $JS=40meV$, $M_0=0.4M_s$, $\xi_0=10\AA$, and $n_e/n_i=2/3$ for the estimates of the Curie temperature, the exchange coupling constant, the critical magnetization, the localization length, and the free-to-localized carrier number density ratio, respectively.Comment: 6 pages (REVTEX), 2 PS figures (epsf.sty); submitted to Phys.Rev.

Oscillatory Exchange Coupling and Positive Magnetoresistance in Epitaxial Oxide Heterostructures

Oscillations in the exchange coupling between ferromagnetic $La_{2/3}Ba_{1/3}MnO_3$ layers with paramagnetic $LaNiO_3$ spacer layer thickness has been observed in epitaxial heterostructures of the two oxides. This behavior is explained within the RKKY model employing an {\it ab initio} calculated band structure of $LaNiO_3$, taking into account strong electron scattering in the spacer. Antiferromagnetically coupled superlattices exhibit a positive current-in-plane magnetoresistance.Comment: 4 pages (RevTeX), 5 figures (EPS

Dengue Virus Inhibits Immune Responses in Aedes aegypti Cells

The ability of many viruses to manipulate the host antiviral immune response often results in complex host-pathogen interactions. In order to study the interaction of dengue virus (DENV) with the Aedes aegypti immune response, we have characterized the DENV infection-responsive transcriptome of the immune-competent A. aegypti cell line Aag2. As in mosquitoes, DENV infection transcriptionally activated the cell line Toll pathway and a variety of cellular physiological systems. Most notably, however, DENV infection down-regulated the expression levels of numerous immune signaling molecules and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Functional assays showed that transcriptional induction of AMPs from the Toll and IMD pathways in response to bacterial challenge is impaired in DENV-infected cells. In addition, Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacteria species, grew better when co-cultured with DENV-infected cells than with uninfected cells, suggesting a decreased production of AMPs from the IMD pathway in virus-infected cells. Pre-stimulation of the cell line with Gram-positive bacteria prior to DENV infection had no effect on DENV titers, while pre-stimulation with Gram-negative bacteria resulted in an increase in DENV titers. These results indicate that DENV is capable of actively suppressing immune responses in the cells it infects, a phenomenon that may have important consequences for virus transmission and insect physiology

The Rewiring of Ubiquitination Targets in a Pathogenic Yeast Promotes Metabolic Flexibility, Host Colonization and Virulence

Funding: This work was funded by the European Research Council [http://erc.europa.eu/], AJPB (STRIFE Advanced Grant; C-2009-AdG-249793). The work was also supported by: the Wellcome Trust [www.wellcome.ac.uk], AJPB (080088, 097377); the UK Biotechnology and Biological Research Council [www.bbsrc.ac.uk], AJPB (BB/F00513X/1, BB/K017365/1); the CNPq-Brazil [http://cnpq.br], GMA (Science without Borders fellowship 202976/2014-9); and the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research [www.nc3rs.org.uk], DMM (NC/K000306/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Elizabeth Johnson (Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol) for providing strains, and the Aberdeen Proteomics facility for the biotyping of S. cerevisiae clinical isolates, and to Euroscarf for providing S. cerevisiae strains and plasmids. We are grateful to our Microscopy Facility in the Institute of Medical Sciences for their expert help with the electron microscopy, and to our friends in the Aberdeen Fungal Group for insightful discussions.Peer reviewedPublisher PD