Identification of Uncommon Non-crystalline Solids as ''real'' Glasses

Identification of uncommon noncrystalline solids as real glasse

Elastic stress concentration at radial crossholes in pressurised thick cylinders

Results of a parametric finite element analysis investigation of stress concentration at radial crossholes in pressurized cylinders are presented in numerical and graphical form. The analysis shows that the location of maximum stress does not generally occur at the junction between the bores, as is commonly supposed, but at some small distance up the crosshole from the junction. Maximum stress concentration factors (SCFs) are defined on the basis of the maximum principal stress, von Mises equivalent stress, and stress intensity. Three-dimensional plots of the SCF against the cylinder radius ratio b/a and the crosshole-to-main-bore-radius ratio c/a are presented. The SCFs were found to vary across the range of geometries considered with local minima identified within the parameter range in most cases. The results therefore allow designers to select optimum b/a and c/a ratios to minimize stress concentration in real problems

CORPORATIONS - PROXY STATEMENT - NECESSITY FOR DISCLOSURE OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS AND OF MOTIVE IN SOLICITATION

The management of a corporation solicited proxies to support a proposed recapitalization plan, submitting data from which the inference could be drawn that the plan was designed to perpetuate the management. A stockholder sued to enjoin the holding of a special meeting and the use of the proxies obtained, on the grounds that failure to present possible alternatives to the proposed plan and failure to state that its purpose was to perpetuate the management were violations of Rule X-14A-5 of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Held, injunction denied. Doyle v. Milton, (D.C. N.Y. 1947) 73 F. Supp. 281

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW -EQUAL PROTECTION - CALIFORNIA ALIEN LAND LAW

A Japanese alien paid for some agricultural land in California which was conveyed to his seven-year-old citizen son. All records indicated that the son owned the land, although the father, his guardian, managed it. The California Alien Land Law prohibits ownership of any interest in agricultural land by aliens ineligible for citizenship. Property acquired in violation of the statute escheats as of the date of acquisition as does land transferred with intent to prevent, evade, or avoid escheat. This intent is presumed prima facie whenever an ineligible alien pays the consideration for a transfer of land to one who may lawfully hold it. In escheat proceedings against the son and his father as guardian, the trial court found intent to avoid escheat from: (1) the statutory presumption of such intent; (2) an inference of like intent from the conveyance to a child; (3) an inference of lack of good faith from the father\u27s failure to file annual guardian reports; and (4) an inference from the father\u27s silence that his testimony would have damaged the son\u27s cause. The Supreme Court of California affirmed. On appeal to the United States Supreme Court, held, reversed. There were no exceptional circumstances to justify the abnormal burden of proof placed on the defendant in view of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the federal statute requiring states to permit all citizens to take and hold property. Oyama v. California, (U.S. 1948) 68 S.Ct. 269

Validity of the Adiabatic Approximation

We analyze the validity of the adiabatic approximation, and in particular the reliability of what has been called the "standard criterion" for validity of this approximation. Recently, this criterion has been found to be insufficient. We will argue that the criterion is sufficient only when it agrees with the intuitive notion of slowness of evolution of the Hamiltonian. However, it can be insufficient in cases where the Hamiltonian varies rapidly but only by a small amount. We also emphasize the distinction between the adiabatic {\em theorem} and the adiabatic {\em approximation}, two quite different although closely related ideas.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE-MARKETABLE TITLE TO REALTY-PERFECTING TITLE BY LITIGATION AS AN INCIDENT TO SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE

The normal action on land contracts is two-sided, vendor against purchaser or purchaser against vendor, to settle the rights of the parties on the basis of the condition of V\u27s title at the time of the decree. This action is quite satisfactory where V and P agree as to the condition of the title, whether free and clear or not, but must we adhere to this pattern when there is a controversy between them concerning the title? To make the question concrete, suppose that V claims he has an unencumbered fee simple while P asserts there is a paramount easement in favor of X, or, a faint echo of the same case, V claims unencumbered fee simple and P, though not positively asserting the existence of the easement, points to some evidence of an easement and insists that this makes V\u27s title unmarketable. The crux of such a case is the controversy between V and X, an actual, present controversy if X is actively pressing his claim, a potential controversy if he is not, and this V-X controversy cannot be conclusively adjudicated in a suit between V and P. Yet the normal way, the almost universal way, to deal with this type of case is the two-sided V-P suit, wherein the court, not attempting to decide whether X\u27s claim is valid, for this is beyond its power in the V-P action, deals instead with the elusive question whether X\u27s claim is sufficiently plausible to render V\u27s title unmarketable. If such is the fact, complete specific performance cannot be obtained in the normal two-sided action, and the plaintiff must content himself with rescission or damages

COURTS - DUE PROCESS- FINDINGS OF FACT BY COURT ON BASIS OF TRANSCRIPT WHERE MASTER HAS NOT SUBMITTED REPORT

After taking evidence upon a matter referred to him, a master in chancery closed the proofs, but died before making his report. The district court, after receiving briefs of counsel and hearing argument, made an ultimate finding based on the transcript of evidence. Held, such action by a court which has not seen the witnesses is not in accord with due process. Smith v. Dental Products Co., (C.C.A. 7th, 1948) 168 F. (2d) 516

TAXATION-INCOME TAX-TAXABLE PERSONS--ASSIGNMENT OF LICENSE ROYALTIES

X contracted with a corporation controlled by him for the manufacture of machines on which he held patents. No minimum was established with respect to production or the payment of royalties. The contracts were terminable by either party upon notice, and X was free to make similar contracts with other manufacturers. X assigned all his interest in the contracts and exclusive title and power over the royalties to his wife, who thereafter received all payments and reported them as her income. The Tax Court ruled that since X could cancel the contracts directly, and could indirectly control the contracts through the corporation, the royalties were taxable to him. The circuit court of appeals reversed, holding that there was a complete assignment of the contracts, and that X should not be taxed because of his indirect control, absent fraud. On certiorari, held, reversed. The Supreme Court noted, first, that control of the corporation gave X power to control the flow of royalties to his wife, and even to terminate the contracts, without perpetrating any fraud; second, that X could negotiate other contracts, which would tend to reduce the amount of royalties paid to his wife; third, that X indirectly benefited from payments made to her. Commissioner v. Sunnen, 333 U.S. 591, 68 S.Ct. 715 (1948)

Phase transitions in a gas of anyons

We continue our numerical Monte Carlo simulation of a gas of closed loops on a 3 dimensional lattice, however now in the presence of a topological term added to the action corresponding to the total linking number between the loops. We compute the linking number using certain notions from knot theory. Adding the topological term converts the particles into anyons. Using the correspondence that the model is an effective theory that describes the 2+1-dimensional Abelian Higgs model in the asymptotic strong coupling regime, the topological linking number simply corresponds to the addition to the action of the Chern-Simons term. We find the following new results. The system continues to exhibit a phase transition as a function of the anyon mass as it becomes small \cite{mnp}, although the phases do not change the manifestation of the symmetry. The Chern-Simons term has no effect on the Wilson loop, but it does affect the {\rm '}t Hooft loop. For a given configuration it adds the linking number of the 't Hooft loop with all of the dynamical vortex loops to the action. We find that both the Wilson loop and the 't Hooft loop exhibit a perimeter law even though there are no massless particles in the theory, which is unexpected.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure