A Reading Apprenticeship Model for Improving Literacy: A Pre-service Teacher Case Study

A major challenge of today\u27s standards-based assessment movement targets the need to address and improve the achievement of struggling readers. As teacher education programs must prepare content teachers to address the challenges of teaching students who lack reading skills, we need to prepare out pre-service teachers to help students make meaning while reading any text. To accomplish such a goal, comprehension instruction must be explicit, direct, and effective. As VanDeWeghe (2004b) notes, even though students may still need development as readers at the secondary level, there may be confusion surrounding where reading instruction is addressed in the secondary curriculum. After talking with our cooperating teachers and tracking student teaching performances of our secondary English candidates, we believed that our pre-service teachers needed more effective preparation. To present important content conceptualizations, we realized our pre-service teachers must explicitly teach and use comprehension strategies with multiple texts at varying levels of difficulty. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pilot of Gettysburg College\u27s redesign and implementation of a reading apprenticeship model developed in collaboration with two practicing secondary English teachers. After field testing at the secondary level, the model was transported to the college level for preparing secondary English pre-service teachers. [excerpt

Thermodynamic analysis of dilute ternary systems. 1. The Ag-Au-Sn system

Heats of solution of silver and gold in dilute silver-gold-tin alloys as function of alloy compositio

New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Population structures

The age structure of a region’s population affects many areas of social and economic development across all sectors, including employment, housing, welfare, health and education. This is mainly because different age groups tend to have different needs both at a family level and a social policy level. Also related to this are the differing ethnic structures between the regions, which can explain some regional differences in social and economic factors. Birthplaces are also related to ethnicity. This paper investigates age, birthplace and ethnicity for the period 1986 to 2001 by the regional council areas of New Zealand. It also looks at the projected age structures into the future between 2001 and 2021 and the wave effects these may generate

New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Dependency and development of social capital

The development of social capital is significantly affected by benefit dependency of the population. This paper investigates measures of social cohesion and measures of dependency on society across the regions of New Zealand. Some of the measures looked at specifically are social security benefit use and convictions, custodial sentences and the prison muster across regions. The paper also focuses on housing and specifically considers overcrowding

New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Household and families, and their dwellings

Household structures and patterns of home ownership can have important implications for the wellbeing of populations. This paper explores regional differences in Household Structure and Home ownership for the period 1986 to 2001. Over this period there have been some major changes in the distribution of different household structures with a move away from the Two-parent household to other household types, such as Couple Only and Single-person households. Over the same period rates of home ownership have dropped. This paper shows that the patterns and trends for household structures and dwelling tenure vary significantly between regions. This reflects both overall national trends and inequalities between regions

New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Labour market aspects of human capital

This paper provides an analysis of labour force participation, full and part-time work and unemployment, over the 1986 – 2001 period. Using a non-conventional estimation technique devised for this paper, the paper also looks at discouraged worker effects. It points to growth in regional inequality and the worrying impact of negative labour market effects on ages 30- 44 years that are central to both the economic and family life of the nation. Using a custom designed method to assess “discouraged worker” effects, this paper shows that such effects are probably higher than the levels shown in official statistics that are constrained by narrowly defined criteria

New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Incomes

This paper investigates income trends in the Regions of New Zealand between 1986 and 2001. It also looks at additional factors of age and ethnicity which have a bearing on the results. Investigations of median, upper and lower quartiles and inter-quartile ranges of personal income calculated from census data showed increasing inequalities between the regions. The distribution of income around New Zealand is also investigated. Auckland and Wellington increasingly have higher incomes than the other regions

An integrated mathematical model of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis and lipoprotein metabolism

Cholesterol regulation is an important aspect of human health. In this work we bring together and extend two recent mathematical models describing cholesterol biosynthesis and lipoprotein endocytosis to create an integrated model of lipoprotein metabolism in the context of a single hepatocyte. The integrated model includes a description of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and cholesterol synthesis, delipidation of very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) to LDLs and subsequent lipoprotein endocytosis. Model analysis shows that cholesterol biosynthesis produces the majority of intracellular cholesterol. The availability of free receptors does not greatly effect the concentration of intracellular cholesterol, but has a detrimental effect on extracellular VLDL and LDL levels. We test our model by considering its ability to reproduce the known biology of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia and statin therapy. In each case the model reproduces the known biological behaviour. Quantitative differences in response to statin therapy are discussed in the context of the need to extend the work to a more {\it in vivo} setting via the incorporation of more dietary lipoprotein related processes and the need for further testing and parameterisation of {\it in silico} models of lipoprotein metabolism

Structural characterization of carbon nanotubes via the vibrational density of states

The electrical and chemical properties of carbon nanotubes vary significantly with different chirality and diameter, making the experimental determination of these structural properties important. Here, we show that the vibrational density of states (VDOS) contains information on the structure of carbon nanotubes, particularly at low frequencies. We show that the diameter and chirality of the nanotubes can be determined from the characteristic low frequency $L$ and $L'$ modes in the VDOS. For zigzag nanotubes, the $L$ peak splits into two peaks giving rise to another low energy $L"$ peak. The significant changes in the frequencies and relative intensities of these peaks open up a route to distinguish among structurally different nanotubes. A close study of different orientations of Stone-Wales defects with varying defect density reveals that different structural defects also leave distinct fingerprints in the VDOS, particularly in the $L$ and $L'$ modes. With our results, more structural information can be obtained from experiments which can directly measure the VDOS, such as inelastic electron and inelastic neutron spectroscopy.Comment: 5 Figures, Accepted for publication in Carbo