Inomhusklimat i studentbostad : En studie om det termiska inomhusklimatet på Åkarhagsgatan 1 i Västerås

Nowadays most people tend to spend a major part of their lives indoors; therefore, the importance of withholding a good internal environment in our buildings is essential. What follows, the thermal indoor climate is strongly influencing the quality and comfort of life in residential areas. This essay will focus on thermal indoor climate situation in a student residence. Based on calculations, measurements and simulations from two different student apartments as well as data collected through a survey, this work will discuss whether the indoor climate complies with the requirements and standards for student housing and what improvement options are available. The survey showed dissatisfaction with the indoor temperature during summer and wintertime. Furthermore, the climate simulation demonstrated the increase in temperature during the summertime, which resulted in a greater dissatisfaction (PPD). Additionally, the calculations made to compare with the climate simulation have also shown that the apartments are getting too hot during summer. IDA ICE logged the relative humidity over a longer period of 1 year, resulting in a range between 5.8% -77.8%. Own measurements such as temperatures, relative humidity, carbon dioxide and exhaust airflows have been set against standards and requirements from authorities and deficiencies of the thermal indoor climate have been mapped. The apartments meet the standard of thermal indoor climate for student housing with one exception -the carbon dioxide content exceeds 1000 ppm in the apartment with the presence of two people. The exhaust airflow in both apartments was lower in our own measurements in comparison to what they were at the OVK protocol from 2014. The exhaust airflow in one apartment had a flow rate of 10 l / s higher than the dimensional flow rate, which indicates imbalance in the system. According to IDA ICE, too high and too low humidity was observed. This may indicate that the apartments do not have a satisfactory sun shading, which plays a significant role in the indoor climate. Using sun shading on all windows could reduce the temperature increase from solar radiation by 50% and the maximum operating temperature could be lowered by 4 degrees in IDA ICE. Using awnings as the sun shading solutions would also lower PPD's high peaks to 10%

LES ALÉAS DU DÉBIT DE L’EAU FACE À LA RIGUEUR FINANCIÈRE DU PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL À LA CONVENTION RELATIVE À LA PROTECTION DU RHIN CONTRE LES CHLORURES : ARBITRAGE SUR LA LIQUIDATION DES COMPTES OPPOSANT LES PAYS-BAS ET LA FRANCE

La sentence arbitrale du 12 mars 2004 résout une divergence d’interprétation née entre la France et les Pays-Bas lors de l’application du Protocole du 25 septembre 1991 additionnel à la Convention du 3 décembre 1976 relative à la protection du Rhin contre la pollution par les chlorures. Ce Protocole, prévu pour la période allant de 1991 à 1998, a notamment permis aux différents riverains du Rhin de financer régulièrement les mesures à prendre par la France (stockage à terre) pour éviter qu’elle ne rejette des chlorures au-delà d’un certain seuil dans le fleuve. Ce litige surgit en 1999, au moment de l’apurement des comptes, c’est-à-dire lors du solde définitif de ceux-ci. La France a stocké moins que prévu et elle doit restituer les sommes perçues en trop et versées par les États parties à cette convention. Une divergence d’interprétation du Protocole sur les modalités de calcul à retenir pour déterminer le montant de la restitution conduit l’affaire devant l’arbitrage. L’interprétation selon les moyens de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités mettra en exergue les articles 31 et 32, considérés comme étant complémentaires par le Tribunal arbitral. Il ressortira de la sentence que les parties ont imaginé un système dominé par des considérations financières, dans lequel les fluctuations du débit du Rhin n’ont pas été suffisamment prises en compte, et ce, de façon délibérée. La règle « pacta sunt servanda » trouve ainsi une illustration dans cette affaire où la France est tenue par les termes du Protocole qu’elle a négocié avec les autres parties et auquel elle a adhéré. Le Protocole est certes imparfait dans sa conception, puisque les circonstances de son application ne correspondront pas aux prévisions faites, surtout dans le cas de la France, mais il demeure la loi des parties. La France devra donc restituer les sommes conformément au coût stipulé dans le Protocole sans que l’on puisse considérer explicitement cette solution comme étant déraisonnable.The March 12th, 2004 arbitral award resolved a divergence that arose between France and the Netherlands concerning the interpretation of the Additional Protocol of September 25, 1991 to the Convention of December 3, 1976 on the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution by Chlorides. This Protocol, covering the period from 1991 to 1998, allowed different waterside residents of the Rhine to finance, on a regular basis, measures to be taken by France (soil storage) in order to counteract any dumping of chlorides above a certain concentration limit in the river. This litigation arose in 1999, at the time the accounts were being settled, i.e. when the final balances were determined. France had stored less than was anticipated, and had to refund the amounts that were overpaid from the States who were party to this Convention. The said divergence with respect to the interpretation of the Protocol in terms of the methods of determining the amount of restitution subsequently led to arbitration. An interpretation, taken in light of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, brings to the forefront articles 31 and 32, considered by the arbitral tribunal to be complementary. It appears obvious, when reading the award, that the parties apparently envisaged a system which was predominated by financial considerations, in which the fluctuation of the Rhine river’s output (flow) was not adequantely taken into consideration, seemingly in a deliberate fashion. The “pacta sunt servanda” rule is thus illustrated in this matter, where France is held to the terms of the Protocol which it negotiated with the other concerned parties and a pact to which it adhered. The Protocol was certainly imperfect with respect to its conception, since the circumstances of its application do not correspond with projections, especially in the case of France ; yet it remains the law binding these parties. France will thus have to refund the amounts in conformity to the Protocol without question