Phylogeography of Supralittoral Rocky Intertidal Ligia Isopods in the Pacific Region from Central California to Central Mexico

Ligia isopods are widely distributed in the Pacific rocky intertidal shores from central California to central Mexico, including the Gulf of California. Yet, their biological characteristics restrict them to complete their life cycles in a very narrow range of the rocky intertidal supralittoral. Herein, we examine phylogeographic patterns of Ligia isopods from 122 localities between central California and central Mexico. We expect to find high levels of allopatric diversity. In addition, we expect the phylogeographic patterns to show signatures of past vicariant events that occurred in this geologically dynamic region.We sequenced two mitochondrial genes (Cytochrome Oxidase I and 16S ribosomal DNA). We conducted Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. We found many divergent clades that, in general, group according to geography. Some of the most striking features of the Ligia phylogeographic pattern include: (1) deep mid-peninsular phylogeographic breaks on the Pacific and Gulf sides of Baja peninsula; (2) within the Gulf lineages, the northern peninsula is most closely related to the northern mainland, while the southern peninsula is most closely related to the central-southern mainland; and, (3) the southernmost portion of the peninsula (Cape Region) is most closely related to the southernmost portion of mainland.Our results shed light on the phylogenetic relationships of Ligia populations in the study area. This study probably represents the finest-scale phylogeographic examination for any organism to date in this region. Presence of highly divergent lineages suggests multiple Ligia species exist in this region. The phylogeographic patterns of Ligia in the Gulf of California and Baja peninsula are incongruent with a widely accepted vicariant scenario among phylogeographers, but consistent with aspects of alternative geological hypotheses and phylo- and biogeographic patterns of several other taxa. Our findings contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the geological origin of this important biogeographic region

The life and scientific work of William R. Evitt (1923-2009)

Occasionally (and fortunately), circumstances and timing combine to allow an individual, almost singlehandedly, to generate a paradigm shift in his or her chosen field of inquiry. William R. (‘Bill’) Evitt (1923-2009) was such a person. During his career as a palaeontologist, Bill Evitt made lasting and profound contributions to the study of both dinoflagellates and trilobites. He had a distinguished, long and varied career, researching first trilobites and techniques in palaeontology before moving on to marine palynomorphs. Bill is undoubtedly best known for his work on dinoflagellates, especially their resting cysts. He worked at three major US universities and spent a highly significant period in the oil industry. Bill's early profound interest in the natural sciences was actively encouraged both by his parents and at school. His alma mater was Johns Hopkins University where, commencing in 1940, he studied chemistry and geology as an undergraduate. He quickly developed a strong vocation in the earth sciences, and became fascinated by the fossiliferous Lower Palaeozoic strata of the northwestern United States. Bill commenced a PhD project on silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites from Virginia in 1943. His doctoral research was interrupted by military service during World War II; Bill served as an aerial photograph interpreter in China in 1944 and 1945, and received the Bronze Star for his excellent work. Upon demobilisation from the US Army Air Force, he resumed work on his PhD and was given significant teaching duties at Johns Hopkins, which he thoroughly enjoyed. He accepted his first professional position, as an instructor in sedimentary geology, at the University of Rochester in late 1948. Here Bill supervised his first two graduate students, and shared a great cameraderie with a highly motivated student body which largely comprised World War II veterans. At Rochester, Bill continued his trilobite research, and was the editor of the Journal of Paleontology between 1953 and 1956. Seeking a new challenge, he joined the Carter Oil Company in Tulsa, Oklahoma, during 1956. This brought about an irrevocable realignment of his research interests from trilobites to marine palynology. He undertook basic research on aquatic palynomorphs in a very well-resourced laboratory under the direction of one of his most influential mentors, William S. ‘Bill’ Hoffmeister. Bill Evitt visited the influential European palynologists Georges Deflandre and Alfred Eisenack during late 1959 and, while in Tulsa, first developed several groundbreaking hypotheses. He soon realised that the distinctive morphology of certain fossil dinoflagellates, notably the archaeopyle, meant that they represent the resting cyst stage of the life cycle. The archaeopyle clearly allows the excystment of the cell contents, and comprises one or more plate areas. Bill also concluded that spine-bearing palynomorphs, then called hystrichospheres, could be divided into two groups. The largely Palaeozoic spine-bearing palynomorphs are of uncertain biological affinity, and these were termed acritarchs. Moreover, he determined that unequivocal dinoflagellate cysts are all Mesozoic or younger, and that the fossil record of dinoflagellates is highly selective. Bill was always an academic at heart and he joined Stanford University in 1962, where he remained until retiring in 1988. Bill enjoyed getting back into teaching after his six years in industry. During his 26-year tenure at Stanford, Bill continued to revolutionise our understanding of dinoflagellate cysts. He produced many highly influential papers and two major textbooks. The highlights include defining the acritarchs and comprehensively documenting the archaeopyle, together with highly detailed work on the morphology of Nannoceratopsis and Palaeoperidinium pyrophorum using the scanning electron microscope. Bill supervised 11 graduate students while at Stanford University. He organised the Penrose Conference on Modern and Fossil Dinoflagellates in 1978, which was so successful that similar meetings have been held about every four years since that inaugural symposium. Bill also taught many short courses on dinoflagellate cysts aimed at the professional community. Unlike many eminent geologists, Bill actually retired from actively working in the earth sciences. His full retirement was in 1988; after this he worked on only a small number of dinoflagellate cyst projects, including an extensive paper on the genus Palaeoperidinium

Data Chem Paly 4kyrs La Paz Basin_100-48 samples

Geochemical and palynological analyses of laminated sediments of samples corresponding to a core extracted at 745 m depth from La Paz Basin, allow recognition of centennial variations on rainfall and marine productivity from ~4487 to ~260 years BP. Concentrations of the paleoclimate proxies Ti and Fe (terrigenous input) and Mo (anoxia) were obtained by X-ray fluorescence analyses and total organic carbon concentrations (TOC, primary productivity) with a CO2 coulometer. Concentrations of marine (dinoflagellates) and continental palynomorphs (pollen and spores) indicate changes in marine productivity (PP) and rainfall (RF), with chemical results having significant statistical correlations and good graphic similarity with palynological data obtained from some of the same samples. Concentrations of TOC have a high statistical correlation with heterotrophic dinoflagellates and copepods, but only medium with continental palynomorphs, indicating the predominance of marine PP with an increasing trend through time. Values of proxies for PP differentiate four intervals: generally going from low to high, and reaching their highest values from 900-290 BP. Concentrations of Ti and Fe are statistically and graphically correlated with spores and autotrophic dinoflagellates, indicating their reliability as proxies for RF. Values of RF parameters are relatively stable, defining four intervals with differing values, mostly varying from low to high and reaching their highest values from 1050 to 600 BP. These proxies allow identification of regional conditions as an extreme drought period (1280-1070 BP) reported in southwestern North America, or global events like the Medieval Warm Period (1078-706 BP) and the Little Ice Age (706-260 BP)

Data Chem Paly 4kyrs La Paz Basin_100-48 samples

Geochemical and palynological analyses of laminated sediments of samples corresponding to a core extracted at 745 m depth from La Paz Basin, allow recognition of centennial variations on rainfall and marine productivity from ~4487 to ~260 years BP. Concentrations of the paleoclimate proxies Ti and Fe (terrigenous input) and Mo (anoxia) were obtained by X-ray fluorescence analyses and total organic carbon concentrations (TOC, primary productivity) with a CO2 coulometer. Concentrations of marine (dinoflagellates) and continental palynomorphs (pollen and spores) indicate changes in marine productivity (PP) and rainfall (RF), with chemical results having significant statistical correlations and good graphic similarity with palynological data obtained from some of the same samples. Concentrations of TOC have a high statistical correlation with heterotrophic dinoflagellates and copepods, but only medium with continental palynomorphs, indicating the predominance of marine PP with an increasing trend through time. Values of proxies for PP differentiate four intervals: generally going from low to high, and reaching their highest values from 900-290 BP. Concentrations of Ti and Fe are statistically and graphically correlated with spores and autotrophic dinoflagellates, indicating their reliability as proxies for RF. Values of RF parameters are relatively stable, defining four intervals with differing values, mostly varying from low to high and reaching their highest values from 1050 to 600 BP. These proxies allow identification of regional conditions as an extreme drought period (1280-1070 BP) reported in southwestern North America, or global events like the Medieval Warm Period (1078-706 BP) and the Little Ice Age (706-260 BP)

Environmental factors influencing the variability of Lingulodinium polyedrum and Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae) cyst production

This study analyzes the temporal variability of the abundance of Lingulodinium polyedrum and Scrippsiella trochoidea resting cysts in surface sediments, as well as the temporary cysts and vegetative cells of L. polyedrum in the upper water column of Todos Santos Bay (Baja California, Mexico). Samples were collected monthly from January 2002 to June 2005 at four sites. Multidimensional scaling analysis and analysis of similarities revealed that resting cysts are distributed heterogeneously according to the sedimentary environment. Surface water temperature, inorganic dissolved phosphate, and the abundance of temporary cysts were the main factors influencing the abundance of L. polyedrum resting cysts, while the variability of temporary cysts was explained by the abundance of planktonic cells. Scrippsiella trochoidea resting cysts showed no statistical relationship with the environmental factors considered. Local runoff during the rainy season and sewage from the city of Ensenada contribute to the eutrophication of the bay. This is an important factor for future blooms since inorganic dissolved nitrate + nitrite and daylight hours during the spring-summer season are not limiting factors for dinoflagellate growth. After the dinoflagellate blooms, there was massive cyst production of both species, and the new cysts settled on the surface sediments. Surface water temperatures between 17°C and 22.5°C during spring-summer appear to trigger excystment in these species.

Cysts of lingulodinium polyedrum, red tide producing organism in the todos santos bay (winter-spring, 2000)

Dinoflagellate cysts with dinosporin walls were identified for the first time in samples collected at Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico, during winter-spring 2000. Eighteen neritic species characteristic of temperate to temperate-cool neritic regions were identified, mainly from the Gonyaulacaceae and Congruentidiaceae families. The cysts were concentrated in the coastal zone, at depths shallower than 25 m, associated with surface fine sediments. Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge was the dominant species in both the sediments and in the water column, producing spring and summer red tides in the area