4 research outputs found
Spectrum of hepatofugal collateral pathways in portal hypertension: an illustrated radiological review
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Interference LithographyâBased Fabrication of 3D Metallic Mesostructures on Reflective Substrates using ElectrodepositionâCompatible AntiâReflection Coatings for Power Electronics Cooling
Publication status: PublishedFunder: Materials Research Laboratory Central Research FacilitiesFunder: University of Illinois UrbanaâChampaignFunder: Toyota Research Institute, North America; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100016680AbstractA nanostructured copper oxide (nCO) coating which can be electrochemically reduced to copper metal is demonstrated as an antiâreflection coating, enabling interference lithography of threeâdimensionally structured templates on a surface compatible with subsequent electrodeposition steps. The nCO presents a black needleâlike structure which effectively absorbs the incident radiation during interference lithography. Specular and diffused reflectivity measurements confirm nCO has nearâzero reflectivity from at least UV (350 nm) to near IR (700 nm) wavelengths. A particularly important aspect of the nCO is its ability to be reduced to copper metal, enabling electrodeposition inside porous templates fabricated on the nCO. It is demonstrated electrodeposition of copper within 3D templates defined by interference lithography and proximity field nanoâpatterning processes, forming mesostructured metals which enhance twoâphase cooling. The resultant 5 ”m thick structures exhibited up to 3 times the critical heat flux and 2 times heat transfer coefficient of bare silicon. The structures are optimized via computational tools including Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and COMSOL Multiphysics. The use of the approach demonstrated here can potentially find application in many areas given the broad importance of mesostructured metals for energy, biomedical, and mechanical applications.</jats:p
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Downscaling the 2D BĂ©nard convection equations using continuous data assimilation
We consider a recently introduced continuous data assimilation (CDA) approach for downscaling a coarse resolution configuration of the 2D BĂ©nard convection equations into a finer grid. In this CDA, a nudging term, estimated as the misfit between some interpolants of the assimilated coarse-grid measurements and the fine-grid model solution, is added to the model equations to constrain the model. The main contribution of this study is a performance analysis of CDA for downscaling measurements of temperature and velocity. These measurements are assimilated either separately or simultaneously, and the results are compared against those resulting from the standard point-to-point nudging approach (NA). Our numerical results suggest that the CDA solution outperforms that of NA, always converging to the true solution when the velocity is assimilated as has been theoretically proven. Assimilation of temperature measurements only may not always recover the true state as demonstrated in the case study. Various runs are conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of CDA to noise in the measurements, the size, and the time frequency of the measured grid, suggesting a more robust behavior of CDA compared to that of NA