Global Molecular Identification from Graphs. IV. Molecules with Four Closed p-Shell Atoms and beyond

The identification of main-group molecules having atoms with closed valence p shells, i.e., having atoms with eight valence electrons, is continued into the realm of four-atom molecules. All possible covalently-bonded species, obtained from two independent computer programs, are shown. The method for generalizing to molecules in which some or all atoms have closed valence s shells, i.e., having atoms with two valence electrons, is recalled. A list of all prototype linear/bent four-atom molecules, with dative bonds in addition to covalent and/or van der Waals bonds, is presented (permutations having been culled out). A program code, lists of molecules based on other graphs, and lists of five- and covalently-bonded six-atom species, are available on the Web. For molecules derived from the two other four-vertex graphs, their vast numbers require extensive indexing schemes for the results to be useful. The paper concludes with some preliminary observations concerning the stabilities of four-atom molecules having atoms with closed shells

Inclusivity in Action: Proposals for Shifting Views on Neurodiversities in Schools for Better Outcomes in Elementary Education and Beyond

The United States education system is struggling to keep pace with the current learning needs of students as learning needs are fluid and this system is static. An increasing number of students are being recognized as having neurodiversities. Schools need to be able to adapt to all learners’ unique strengths and challenges to better support all students. This paper examines how an evidence-based understanding of neurodiversity can shift the way disabilities are thought about in schools and lead to positive changes for students and potentially society. This paper also gives recommendations on how both schools and individual teachers can help create more inclusive environments. Current literature is reviewed and discussed covering important ideas in the fields of disability studies and elementary education. This includes defining neurodiversity, the social model of disability, strengths-based education, and models of inclusive education. Finally, recommendations are made for teachers to implement inclusive practices in individual elementary-level classrooms

Global Molecular Identification from Graphs. IV. Molecules with Four Closed p-Shell Atoms and beyond

The identification of main-group molecules having atoms with closed valence p shells, i.e., having atoms with eight valence electrons, is continued into the realm of four-atom molecules. All possible covalently-bonded species, obtained from two independent computer programs, are shown. The method for generalizing to molecules in which some or all atoms have closed valence s shells, i.e., having atoms with two valence electrons, is recalled. A list of all prototype linear/bent four-atom molecules, with dative bonds in addition to covalent and/or van der Waals bonds, is presented (permutations having been culled out). A program code, lists of molecules based on other graphs, and lists of five- and covalently-bonded six-atom species, are available on the Web. For molecules derived from the two other four-vertex graphs, their vast numbers require extensive indexing schemes for the results to be useful. The paper concludes with some preliminary observations concerning the stabilities of four-atom molecules having atoms with closed shells