Vervulling van het psychologisch contract staat tot organizational citizenship behavior als 1 + 1 staat tot 3

Dit onderzoek beoogt antwoord te geven op de vraag of het psychologisch contract positief gerelateerd is aan de mate van voorkomen van organizational citizenship behavior en wat de invloed van geslacht en leeftijd op deze relatie is. Het psychologisch contract (PC) beschrijft de werknemers impliciete verwachtingen van de werkgever wat van invloed is op het gedrag van de werknemers. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is een vorm van gedrag. OCB is gedrag wat niet verplicht is, de uitingen van het gedrag komen boven op het takenpakket behorende bij de functie, en het extra-rol gedrag levert een extra bijdrage aan de effectiviteit van de organisatie. Dit is vooral van belang in relatie tot de huidige reorganisatie die binnen de Rabobank plaats vindt. De reorganisatie zorgt voor onzekerheid bij medewerkers en tevens verdwijnen formatieplaatsen eerder dan de uit te voeren werkzaamheden. OCB kan op beide voornoemde gevolgen van de reorganisatie een positief effect hebben. OCB kan namelijk een positief effect hebben op de mate waarin medewerkers elkaar steunen en helpen en het kan een positief effect hebben op de productiviteit van medewerkers. Werkgevers handelen hier nog niet (on)bewust bekwaam. Er is nog weinig onderzoek gedaan naar de relatie tussen het PC en OCB binnen de bancaire sector, wel kan het mogelijk een positieve bijdrage leveren aan het voornoemde handelen van de werkgever. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd met de gedachte dat geslacht en leeftijd de variatie in scores op het PC en OCB kunnen verklaren. Het betreft een kwantitatief onderzoek waarbij 247 medewerkers die betrokken zijn bij risicomanagement een vragenlijst hebben ingevuld. De uitkomsten van het onderzoek leveren bewijs dat er een voorspellende relatie is tussen items van het psychologisch contract en het voor komen van organizational citizenship behavior. Tevens is er gedeeltelijk een significante modererende invloed van het geslacht en de leeftijd gebleken op voornoemde relatie. Voor mannen geldt dat de mate van autonomie belangrijker is in het laten zien van OCB dan voor vrouwen. Met betrekking tot de leeftijd is de samenhang tussen salaris en OCB dat bij oudere medewerkers een hoger salaris meer bijdraagt aan het vertonen van OCB dan dat dit geldt bij jongere medewerkers. De relatie tussen psychologisch contract en organizational citizenship betekent voor managers van de bank een bewustwording dat er een psychologisch contract is waar in het bijzonder autonomie, werkdruk, de balans werk/privé en psychologische belasting stuurmechanismen kunnen zijn voor het beïnvloeden van OCB. De gebruikte vragenlijst van Ten Brink is opgesteld voor het psychologische contract niet specifiek voor organizational citizenship behavior en spitst zich toe op de OCB-dimensie civic virtue waarbij 4 OCB-dimensies onbevraagd blijven. Het gebruik van meer specifieke en uitgebreide OCB-vragenlijsten hebben mogelijk invloed op de uitkomsten van de hypothesis. De onderzoeksvariabelen zijn op een en hetzelfde moment gemeten en gebaseerd op zelfrapportage. De turbulente interne en externe omgeving van de Rabobank kunnen de uitkomsten van het onderzoek hebben beïnvloed. Longitudinaal onderzoek met meerdere meetmomenten kunnen mogelijke causale verbanden bloot leggen.   Abstract This research aims to answer the question of whether the psychological contract is positively related to the occurence of organizational citizenship behavior and the influence of gender and age on this relationship. The psychological contract (PC ) describes the workers implicit expectations of the employer which affects the conduct of the employees. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a form of behavior. OCB is behavior which is not mandatory, the manifestations of behavior are in addition to the tasks associated with the function, and extra-role behavior provides an additional contribution to the effectiveness of the organization. This is of particular importance in relation to the current reorganization that takes place within the Rabobank. The reorganization creates uncertainty for employees and also permanent positions disappear rather than to carry out the work. OCB can have a positive effect on both the aforementioned effects of the reorganization. OCB can have a positive effect on the level of support and help each other and it can have a positive impact on employee productivity. Employers act here not (un)consciously competent. There is little research into the relationship between the PC and OCB within the banking sector, it is possible to make a positive contribution to the aforesaid action of the employer. The research was carried out with the idea that gender and age may explain the variation in scores on the PC and OCB. It is a quantitative study which, using questionnaires, 247 bank employees investigated risk have been involved. The results of the study provide evidence that a predictive relationship between items of the psychological contract and for the coming of organizational citizenship behavior. There partially showed a significant moderating influence of gender and age on the aforementioned relationship. For men, the degree of autonomy is more important in showing OCB than for women. With regard to the age, the correlation between salary and OCB shows that older employees contribute more higher salaries to exhibiting OCB than that this applies to younger employees. The relationship between psychological contract and organizational citizenship means an awareness of managers of the bank that there is a psychological contract in particular autonomy, workload, work/life balance and psychological can load control mechanisms for influencing OCB. The questionnaire used by Ten Brink has been prepared for the psychological contract is not specific to organizational citizenship behavior and focuses on the OCB dimension civic virtue which four OCB dimensions remain unquestioned. The use of more specific and comprehensive OCB questionnaires may impact the results of the hypothesis. The research variables are at one and the same time measured and based on self-reporting. The turbulent internal and external environment of Rabobank may have influenced the outcome of the investigation. Longitudinal studies with multiple measurement points can uncover potential causal relationships

Diagnostic approach to paediatric movement disorders:a clinical practice guide

Paediatric movement disorders (PMDs) comprise a large group of disorders (tics, myoclonus, tremor, dystonia, chorea, Parkinsonism, ataxia), often with mixed phenotypes. Determination of the underlying aetiology can be difficult given the broad differential diagnosis and the complexity of the genotype-phenotype relationships. This can make the diagnostic process time-consuming and difficult. In this overview, we present a diagnostic approach for PMDs, with emphasis on genetic causes. This approach can serve as a framework to lead the clinician through the diagnostic process in eight consecutive steps, including recognition of the different movement disorders, identification of a clinical syndrome, consideration of acquired causes, genetic testing including next-generation sequencing, post-sequencing phenotyping, and interpretation of test results. The aim of this approach is to increase the recognition and diagnostic yield in PMDs.</p

Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter

With more stringent legislation on brominated flame retardants, it is expected that increasing amounts of substitutes would replace polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Therefore, the development and optimization of analytical methodologies that allow their identification and quantification are of paramount relevance. This work describes the optimization of an analytical procedure to determine pentabromochlorocyclohexane, tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, decabromodiphenylethane and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane together with PBDEs in sediments and in suspended particulate matter. This method comprises a pressurized liquid extraction followed by three cleanup steps (gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction on Oasis™ HLB and on silica cartridges). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, using electron capture negative chemical ionization, is used for the final analysis. The proposed method provides recoveries >85%. The method was applied to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from different locations in the Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the occurrence of the additive flame retardants 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromochlorocyclohexane is reported in the literature. The concentrations of these new flame retardants ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 μg/kg dry weight

Spatial distribution of intact polar lipids in North Sea surface waters: Relationship with environmental conditions and microbial community composition

We characterized and quantified the intact polar lipid (IPL) composition of the surface waters of the North Sea and investigated its relationships with environmental conditions, microbial abundances, and community composition. The total IPL pool comprised at least 600 different IPL species in seven main classes: the glycerophospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); the sulfur-bearing glycerolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG); and the nitrogen-bearing betaine lipids diacylglyceryl-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyltrimethylalanine (DGTA), and diacylglyceryl-carboxy-hydroxymethylcholine (DGCC). Although no significant relationships were found between the IPL composition and environmental parameters, such as nutrient concentrations, distance-based ordination yielded distinct clusters of IPL species, which could in turn be tentatively correlated with the predominant microbial groups. SQDGs and PGs, as well as PC species containing saturated fatty acid moieties, were related to picoeukaryote abundances and PC species with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) moieties to nanoeukaryote abundances. The PEs were likely of mixed cyanobacterial-bacterial origin, whereas DGTA and DGCC species were mainly associated with cyanobacteria. DGTSs were likely derived from either pico-or nanoeukaryotes, although the DGTS species with PUFAs also showed some relationship with cyanobacterial abundances. Concentrations of the algal-derived IPLs showed strong positive correlations with chlorophyll a concentrations, indicating they may be used as biomarkers for living photosynthetic microbes. However, direct relationships between the IPLs and microbial groups were relatively weak, implying that the predominant IPLs in marine surface waters are not derived from single microbial groups and that direct inferences of microbial community compositions from IPL compositions should be considered with care

Ultrasonography of the Adrenal Gland

With appropriate techniques and using liver, spleen or kidney as an acoustic window, normal adrenal gland and adrenal lesions can be delineated by ultrasonography. The right adrenal gland is usually evaluated by transverse oblique scans and coronal scans, respectively, through the anterior and middle axillary line, while the left adrenal gland is investigated by an oblique coronal scan mainly through the posterior axillary line. For adrenal lesions, ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 74–97%, a specificity of 61–96%, and an accuracy of 70–97%. The diagnostic accuracy depends on the scanning technique and expertise of the operator, the body status of the patient, the size and functional status of the lesion, and the ultrasonographic quality. Small adrenal nodules, ileus, obesity, fatty liver, and large body status account for most of the reasons for decreased accuracy. Small adrenal nodules less than 3 cm in diameter mainly comprise functioning cortical adenomas, nonfunctioning cortical adenomas, nodular hyperplasia, and metastases. Most small adrenal masses are homogeneous and hypoechoic, and the echo patterns are nonspecific. Large adrenal masses greater than 3 cm in diameter mainly include primary adrenocortical carcinoma, lymphoma, metastasis, lymphoma, and pheochromocytoma. The echogenicity of a large adrenal mass may be hyperechoic and heterogeneous because of the higher incidence of necrosis and hemorrhage. Other uncommon adrenal masses are myelolipoma, hematoma, granulomatous lesions, hemangioma, and adrenal cysts of various origins. The differential diagnoses of a hyperechoic adrenal mass include neuroblastoma, myelolipoma, and tumor with central necrosis or heterogeneity. Calcification is encountered in both benign and malignant processes. It is sometimes difficult to differentiate benign adrenal masses from malignant lesions. Dynamic computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography play critical complementary roles in such an instance

The Stress of Lung Aging:Endoplasmic Reticulum and Senescence Tete-a-Tete

Beyond the structural changes, features including the dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and increased senescence characterize the lung aging. ER stress response and senescence have been reported to be induced by factors like cigarette smoke. Therefore, deciphering the mechanisms underlying ER and senescent pathways interaction has become a challenge. In this review we highlight the known and unknown regarding ER stress response and senescence and their cross talk in aged lung

The neurological phenotype of developmental motor patterns during early childhood

INTRODUCTION: During early childhood, typical human motor behavior reveals a gradual transition from automatic motor patterns to acquired motor skills, by the continuous interplay between nature and nurture. During the wiring and shaping of the underlying motor networks, insight into the neurological phenotype of developmental motor patterns is incomplete. In healthy, typically developing children (0-3 years of age), we therefore aimed to investigate the neurological phenotype of developmental motor patterns. METHODS: In 32 healthy, typically developing children (0-3 years), we video-recorded spontaneous motor behavior, general movements (GMs), and standardized motor tasks. We classified the motor patterns by: (a) the traditional neurodevelopmental approach, by Gestalt perception and (b) the classical neurological approach, by the clinical phenotypic determination of movement disorder features. We associated outcomes by Cramer's V. RESULTS: Developmental motor patterns revealed (a) choreatic-like features (≤3 months; associated with fidgety GMs (r = 0.732) and startles (r = 0.687)), (b) myoclonic-like features (≤3 months; associated with fidgety GMs (r = 0.878) and startles (r = 0.808)), (c) dystonic-like features (0-3 years; associated with asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (r = 0.641) and voluntary movements (r = 0.517)), and (d) ataxic-like features (>3 months; associated with voluntary movements (r = 0.928)). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy infants and toddlers (0-3 years), typical developmental motor patterns reveal choreatic-, myoclonic-, dystonic- and ataxic-like features. The transient character of these neurological phenotypes is placed in perspective of the physiological shaping of the underlying motor centers. Neurological phenotypic insight into developmental motor patterns can contribute to adequate discrimination between ontogenetic and initiating pathological movement features and to adequate interpretation of therapeutic interactions

The surfactant co-formulant POEA in the glyphosate-based herbicide RangerPro but not glyphosate alone causes necrosis in Caco-2 and HepG2 human cell lines and ER stress in the ToxTracker assay

The toxicity of co-formulants present in glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) has been widely discussed leading to the European Union banning the polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA). We identified the most commonly used POEA, known as POE-15 tallow amine (POE-15), in the widely used US GBH RangerPro. Cytotoxicity assays using human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 and hepatocyte HepG2 cell lines showed that RangerPro and POE-15 are far more cytotoxic than glyphosate alone. RangerPro and POE-15 but not glyphosate caused cell necrosis in both cell lines, and that glyphosate and RangerPro but not POE-15 caused oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. We further tested these pesticide ingredients in the ToxTracker assay, a system used to evaluate a compound's carcinogenic potential, to assess their capability for inducing DNA damage, oxidative stress and an unfolded protein response (endoplasmic reticulum, ER stress). RangerPro and POE-15 but not glyphosate gave rise to ER stress. We conclude that the toxicity resulting from RangerPro exposure is thus multifactorial involving ER stress caused by POE-15 along with oxidative stress caused by glyphosate. Our observations reinforce the need to test both co-formulants and active ingredients of commercial pesticides to inform the enactment of more appropriate regulation and thus better public and environmental protection