Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Stable Isotopic Results from Ala Wai Estuarine Sediments: Records of Hypereutrophication and Abiotic Whitings

The geochemistry, mineralogy, and stable isotopic composition of sediments cored from the Ala Wai Canal, described for the first time here, provide a record of past changes in salinity, oxygenation, and eutrophication in a shallow, subtropical artificial estuary. Sediments of the canal are rich in organic carbon (ca. 1-8%) and calcium carbonate (ca. 6-68%). The carbonate fraction contains a mixture of aragonite (ca. 2-25%), magnesian calcite (ca. 1-38%), and calcite (0-11 %). The majority of this carbonate seems to be a direct result of biogenically induced inorganic precipitation from the water column. This interpretation is supported by historical measurements of hypereutrophication in the water column, the appreciable lack of biogenic carbonate in the sediments, the presence of carbonate throughout the canal, the fine grain size and mixed marine mineralogy of the carbonate, the significant positive correlation between CaC03 and uranium scavenged from the water column, the lack of detectable carbonate in associated fluvial sediments, the similarity between the isotopic composition of the carbonates and that of the total dissolved carbon in the present water column, and the positive covariance between accumulation rates ofCaC03 and organic carbon in portions of the back basin core. Supersaturation with respect to these phases appears favored by high primary productivity and accompanying CO2 drawdown in warm surface waters. The process of precipitation is analogous to marine whitings and inorganic CaC03 precipitation in lakes, but to our knowledge this is the first reported occurrence documented from an estuarine system. Temporal variations in paleoproductivity, bottom water oxygenation, and changes in the water balance of the canal are assessed on the basis of CaC03 and organic carbon flux rates and by downcore variations in the isotopic composition of organic carbon, CaC03 , and benthic foraminifera. We demonstrate that the canal was, and continues to be, highly productive and that the back, landlocked basin of the canal has undergone episodes of progressive eutrophication at least twice since 1935. The first phase of eutrophication is marked by an upsection increase in the stable carbon isotopic gradient between surface and deep waters. During this time the back basin became hydrologically closed and its waters became fresher, as indicated by the compositions and covariance in carbon and oxygen isotopic values of the carbonates. The second phase began about the time that the canal's sediment sill was dredged and is marked by an upsection increase in the carbon isotopic composition of authigenic carbonates and benthic foraminifers, reflecting a progressive increase in primary productivity and water-column stratification through time. Oxygen isotope results suggest that the second phase is also marked by increased freshening of the back basin as the sediment sill has built back to the canal's surface

A review of modelling tools for implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in handling diffuse water pollution

A numerical catchment-scale model capable of simulating diffuse water pollution is necessary in sustainable environmental management for better implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. This paper provides critical reviews of most popular and free models for diffuse water modelling, with detailed sources and application potential. Based upon these reviews, further work of selecting and testing the HSPF model was carried out, with a case study in the Upper Bann Catchment, Northern Ireland. The calibrated and validated HSPF model can well represent the characteristics of surface water quantity and quality. Climate change scenario evaluation in 5 years showed that when the annual mean temperature increase 3◦C the mean yearly total runoff volume will decrease by 11.1% and the mean daily river flow 11.4%. If 20% crop and pasture land is converted into forest land in the study area, the mean river concentration of nitrate, nitrite, NH4 and PO4 in 5 years will decrease by 19.4%, 33.3%, 31.3% and 31.3% respectively. When applying filter strip method in 80% crop and pasture land in the area, the reduction of the mean concentration of nitrate, nitrite, NH4 and PO4 in 5 years will be 15.3%, 33.3%, 31.3%, and 5.6% respectively. This study shows that HSPF is a suitable model in handling diffuse source water pollution, which can be introduced into the Programme of Measures in the River Basin Management Plans for better implementation of the EUWFD