CHANGES IN UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN THE PRESENCE OF STRESS

This study examined the muscle activity of the flexor digitorum (FD), biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), and pectoralis major (PM) during the American football throw with and without conditions of stress. Male subjects (n=5) with either football or baseball experience threw footballs at targets with distances of 12.91 m, 18.29 m, and 28.91 m. Throwing arm muscle activity was assessed via electromyography. Results showed that the flexor digitorum muscle had lower muscle activation for the stress condition at the long distance along with the pectoral muscle at the middle distance

Testing Wisconsin asphalt mixtures for the AASHTO 2002 mechanistic design procedure

Date on report cover and on technical report documentation page is July 2007. Date on title page is September 2007. Title on report cover and on technical report documentation page is: Testing Wisconsin Asphalt Mixtures for the AASHTO 2002 Mechanistic Design Procedure. Title on title page is: Testing of Wisconsin Asphalt Mixtures for the Forthcoming AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Procedure.264 p.The intent of this project was to examine typical hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements that are constructed in the state of Wisconsin. The analysis compares the suggested pavement structures based on the 1972 pavement design guide currently used in Wisconsin and the same ones based on the new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. In order to develop the pavement structure as outlined by the new Design Guide, the mechanical properties of the HMA layers were measured from 21 field sampled mixtures. These properties include dynamic modulus and flow number, which have been found to be significant predictors of rutting and fatigue by Witczak et al. (2002). Properties of the other layers in the system have been obtained from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation pavement design inputs. The objective was to account for typical construction variability that occurs and to determine its impact upon both mechanical tests. Further, the authors examined these mechanical test results on pavement design to determine if the performance tests and new Design Guide, as they currently exist, are ready for implementation by owners/agencies