Modelling contamination on various stations along the Chanomi Creek (Niger Delta), produced by combined effects, using mathematical tools (SIMUS and WQI, methods)

Water contamination is a serious global issue that affects a country's economy, human health, and aquatic life, potentially compromising people's livelihoods who rely on fishing. Contamination can occur due to various factors such as industrial wastes, domestic sewage, seawater, eutrophication, and in many countries as a result of oil extraction, refineries, storage leaks, and shipping to international destinations. Oil contamination is one of the worst-case scenarios due to the numerous consequences. Nigeria's Niger River Delta Basin is home to many oil refineries, as the country is Africa's largest oil producer. As a result, the river is highly contaminated, and its water is unfit for human or animal consumption and is unsuitable for irrigation. Cleaning up the river and keeping contamination levels under strict control is essential. This study provides a novel methodology for water control and identifying the most polluted areas, allowing authorities to identify the refineries that pollute the most. Amnesty International (https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/no-clean-up-no-justice-shell-oil-pollution-in-the-niger-delta/. Accessed 5 Mar 2022, 2020) has been very aggressive on this issue in this area and the identification of contaminating oil companies by Ratcliffe (This place used to be green: the brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta- Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/06/this-place-used-to-be-green-the-brutal-impact-of-oil-in-the-niger-delta. Accessed 5 Mar 2022, 2019)