Receiver operating characteristic curve for the ability of plasma hyaluronic acid to predict liver-related events.

<p>Receiver operating characteristic curve for the ability of plasma hyaluronic acid to predict liver-related events.</p

Baseline characteristics of all patients and stratified according to hepatitis status.

<p>HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV Ab: anti-HCV antibody; MSM: men who have sex with men; IDU: intravenous drug use; Het: heterosexual; S/A: south/Argentina; C: central; N: north; E: east; ARVs: antiretroviral drugs; ART: antiretroviral therapy; cART: combination antiretroviral therapy; HA: hyaluronic acid; IQR: interquartile range.</p

Adjusted incidence rate ratios of any non-liver-related events.

<p>Note: The horizontal lines indicate 95% confidence intervals; HA: hyaluronic acid; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; HCVab: anti-HCV antibody; Group 1: HBsAg positive and/or anti-HCV/HCV-RNA positive; Group 2: anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative.</p

Kaplan Meier progression to any liver-related event according to baseline plasma hyaluronic acid level (ng/mL).

<p>Kaplan Meier progression to any liver-related event according to baseline plasma hyaluronic acid level (ng/mL).</p

Distribution of plasma hyaluronic acid levels and any-liver related events during follow-up.

<p>Distribution of plasma hyaluronic acid levels and any-liver related events during follow-up.</p

Adjusted incidence rate ratios of any liver-related events.

<p>Note: The horizontal lines indicate 95% confidence intervals; HA: hyaluronic acid; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; HCVab: anti-HCV antibody; Group 1: HBsAg positive and/or anti-HCV/HCV-RNA positive; Group 2: anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Long-term trends of alanine aminotransferase levels among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus with and without hepatitis delta coinfection.pdf

BackgroundHepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection accelerates the progression of liver disease in persons living with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection. We explored the association between HDV infection and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation during tenofovir-containing antiretroviral treatment among persons living with HIV/HBV.Materials and methodsWe included persons living with HIV/HBV with and without HDV starting tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in three European cohorts with at least 18 months of follow-up. We defined HDV infection as a positive anti-HDV antibody test. We assessed risk factors for ALT elevation ≥ 1.25x upper limit of normal after 5 years of tenofovir-treatment using multivariate logistic regression models. The difference in ALT trends between individuals with and without HDV was evaluated using linear mixed effects models.Results61/518 (11.8%) participants had an HDV infection. Among individuals with HDV, 63.9% had ALT elevation after 2 years and 55.6% after 5 years of tenofovir, whereas the estimates were 34.1% after two and 27.0% after 5 years in those without HDV. HDV coinfection (adjusted odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.4–5.8) and obesity at baseline (adjusted odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.2–8.0) were associated with ALT elevation after 5 years of tenofovir therapy. Mean ALT levels were consistently higher during follow-up in participants with HDV compared to those without HDV.ConclusionPersistent ALT elevation is common in persons living with HIV/HBV in Europe despite adequate HBV therapy. HDV coinfection and obesity are independent risk factors for persistent ALT elevation during long-term tenofovir treatment.</p

Mean daily treatment costs of antiretrovirals by class and year after adjustment for the German consumer price index (1996 = 100), annual increments of consumer price index in %: 1996: 1.4%, 1997: 1.9%; 1998: 1.0%; 1999: 0.6%; 2000: 1,4%; 2001: 1.9%; 2002: 1.5%; 2003: 1.0%; 2004: 1.7%; 2005: 1.5%; 2006: 1.6%; 2007: 2.3%; 2008: 2.6%.

<p>Mean daily treatment costs of antiretrovirals by class and year after adjustment for the German consumer price index (1996 = 100), annual increments of consumer price index in %: 1996: 1.4%, 1997: 1.9%; 1998: 1.0%; 1999: 0.6%; 2000: 1,4%; 2001: 1.9%; 2002: 1.5%; 2003: 1.0%; 2004: 1.7%; 2005: 1.5%; 2006: 1.6%; 2007: 2.3%; 2008: 2.6%.</p

Cumulative use (in days) of antiretroviral classes by year.

<p>(* The decrease of treatment days in 2008 is explained by a reporting delay for some of the most recent cases within the database at the end of the observation period).</p

Licensed antiretroviral drugs and their assigned substance classes.

<p>Abbreviations see glossary.</p