Aging, rejuvenation, and memory effects in short-range Ising spin glass: Cu0.5_{0.5}Co0.5_{0.5}Cl2_{2}-FeCl3_{3} graphite bi-intercalation compound

Non-equilibrium aging dynamics in 3D Ising spin glass Cu$_{0.5}$Co$_{0.5}$Cl$_{2}$-FeCl$_{3}$ GBIC has been studied by zero-field cooled (ZFC) magnetization and low frequency AC magnetic susceptibility ($f = 0.05$ Hz), where $T_{g} = 3.92 \pm 0.11$ K. The time dependence of the relaxation rate $S(t) = (1/H)$d$M_{ZFC}/$d$\ln t$ for the ZFC magnetization after the ZFC aging protocol, shows a peak at a characteristic time $t_{cr}$ near a wait time $t_{w}$ (aging behavior), corresponding to a crossover from quasi equilibrium dynamics to non-equilibrium. The time $t_{cr}$ strongly depends on $t_{w}$, temperature ($T$), magnetic field ($H$), and the temperature shift ($\Delta T$). The rejuvenation effect is observed in both $\chi^{\prime}$ and $\chi^{\prime\prime}$ under the $T$-shift and $H$-shift procedures. The memory of the specific spin configurations imprinted during the ZFC aging protocol can be recalled when the system is re-heated at a constant heating rate. The aging, rejuvenation, and memory effects observed in the present system are discussed in terms of the scaling concepts derived from numerical studies on 3D Edwards-Anderson spin glass model.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures; Eur. Phys. J. B accepted for publicatio

Cost-Effectiveness of Intensified Versus Conventional Multifactorial Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes: Results and projections from the Steno-2 study

OBJECTIVE—To assess the cost-effectiveness of intensive versus conventional therapy for 8 years as applied in the Steno-2 study in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria

Progression and Regression: Distinct Developmental Patterns of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated in the Diabetes Care System West-Friesland, the Netherlands

OBJECTIVE: To identify distinct developmental patterns of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and assess the risk factor levels of patients in these clusters. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cohort of 3,343 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) monitored and treated in the Diabetes Care System West-Friesland, the Netherlands, was followed from 2 to 6 years. Risk factors were measured, and two-field fundus photographs were taken annually and graded according to the EURODIAB study group. Latent class growth modeling was used to identify distinct developmental patterns of DR over time. RESULTS: Five clusters of patients with distinct developmental patterns of DR were identified: A, patients without any signs of DR (88.9%); B, patients with a slow regression from minimal background to no DR (4.9%); C, patients with a slow progression from minimal background to moderate nonproliferative DR (4.0%); D, patients with a fast progression from minimal or moderate nonproliferative to (pre)proliferative or treated DR (1.4%); and E, patients with persistent proliferative DR (0.8%). Patients in clusters A and B were characterized by lower risk factor levels, such as diabetes duration, HbA(1c), and systolic blood pressure compared with patients in progressive clusters (C-E). CONCLUSIONS: Clusters of patients with T2DM with markedly different patterns of DR development were identified, including a cluster with regression of DR. These clusters enable a more detailed examination of the influence of various risk factors on DR

The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe

Background and purpose: In 2005, we presented (or the first time overall estimates of annual costs for brain disorders (mental and neurologic disorders) in Europe. This new report presents updated, more accurate, and comprehensive 2010 estimates for 30 European countries. Methods: One-year prevalence and annual cost per person of 19 major groups of disorders are based on _best estimates, derived from systematic literature reviews by panels of experts in epidemiology and health economics. Our cost estimation model was populated with national statistics from Eurostat to adjust to 2010 values, converting all local currencies to Euros (€), imputing cost for countries where no data were available, and aggregating country estimates to purchasing power parity -adjusted estimates of the total cost of brain disorders in Europe in 2010. Results: Total European 2010 cost of brain disorders was €798 billion, of which direct health care cost 37%, direct non-medical cost 23%, and indirect cost 40%. Average cost per inhabitant was €5.550. The European average cost per person with a disorder of the brain ranged between €285 for headache and€30 000 for neuromuscular disorders. Total annual cost per disorder (in billion €2010) was as follows: addiction 65.7; anxiety disorders 74.4; brain tumor 5.2; child/adolescent disorders 21.3; dementia 105.2: eating disorders 0.8; epilepsy 13.8; headache 43.5; mental retardation 43.3; mood disorders 113.4; multiple sclerosis 14.6; neuromuscular disorders 7.7; Parkinson_s disease 13.9; personality disorders 27.3; psychotic disorders 93.9; sleep disorders 35.4; somatoform disorder 21.2; stroke 64.1; and traumatic brain injury 33.0. Conclusion: Our cost model revealed that brain disorders overall are much more costly than previously estimated constituting a major health economic challenge for Europe. Our estimate should be regarded as conservative because many disorders or cost items could not be included because of lack of data.Обоснование. В 2005 году мы впервые представили общую оценку ежегодного ущерба от заболеваний мозга (психических и неврологических расстройств) в Европе. Этот новый отчет представляет обновленную, более точную и полную оценку за 2010 по 30 европейским странам. Методы. Частота случаев заболевания и годовой ущерб на одного человека из 19 основных групп заболеваний основаны на 'наилучшей оценке', полученной из систематических обзоров литературы группами экспертов по эпидемиологии и экономике здравоохранения. Наша модель оценки ущерба включает данные национальной статистики Евростата применительно к знамениям 2010 г. с преобразованием всех местных валют в Евро, вменением ущерба для стран, где данные не были доступны и суммированием оценок по странам с оценками общего ущерба от заболеваний мозга в Европе в 2010 году. Результаты. Общий ущерб по Европе за 2010 года от заболеваний мозга -798 миллиардов евро, из которых прямых медицинских затрат 37%, прямых немедицинских затрат 23% и косвенных затрат 40%. Средний ущерб на одного жителя составил 5,550 евро. Средний ущерб по Европе на 1 человека с заболеванием мозга, колебался между 285 € для головной боли и 30 000 € евро для нервно-мышечных расстройств. Общий ежегодный ущерб по расстройствам (в млрд евро в 2010г.) составил: наркомания 65,7; тревожные расстройства 74,4; опухоли мозга 5,2; детские/подростоковые заболевания 21,3; деменция 105,2; расстройства пищевого поведения 0,8; эпилепсия 13,8; головная боль 43,5; умственная отсталость 43,3; расстройства настроения 113,4; рассеянный склероз, 14,6; нервно-мышечные заболевания 7,7; болезнь Паркинсона 13,9; расстройства личности 27,3; психотические расстройства 93,9; расстройства сна 35,4; психосоматические расстройства 21,2; инсульт 64,1; черепно-мозговая травма 33,0. Вывод. Наша модель по затратам показала, что заболевания мозга в целом являются гораздо более затратными, чем предполагалось ранее, представляя собой серьезную экономическую проблему для Европы. Наша оценка должна рассматриваться как консервативная, так как многие наррения, или затраты не могли быть включены из-за недостатка данных. Финансирование. Исследование финансировалось за счет фантов от Европейской Федерации Неврологических Обществ, Европейского колледжа нейропсихофармакологиии и H.Lundbeck A/S

Pore wall corrugation effect on the dynamics of adsorbed H 2 studied by in situ quasi elastic neutron scattering Observation of two timescaled diffusion

The self diffusion mechanisms for adsorbed H2 in different porous structures are investigated with in situ quasi elastic neutron scattering method at a temperature range from 50 K to 100 K and at various H2 loadings. The porous structures of the carbon materials have been characterized by sorption analysis with four different gases and the results are correlated with previous in depth analysis with small angle neutron scattering method. Thus, an investigation discussing the effect of pore shape and size on the nature of adsorbed H2 self diffusion is performed. It is shown that H2 adsorbed in nanometer scale pores is self diffusing in two distinguishable timescales. The effect of the pore, pore wall shape and corrugation on the fraction of confined and more mobile H2 is determined and analyzed. The increased corrugation of the pore walls is shown to have a stronger confining effect on the H2 motions. The difference of self diffusional properties of the two H2 components are shown to be smaller when adsorbed in smoother walled pores. This is attributed to the pore wall corrugation effect on the homogeneity of formed adsorbed layer