Translated from Izvestiya An. Fizika atmosferi i Okeana

Abstract-An efficient technique for solving an inverse problem of remote sensing of atmospheric ozone at millimeter radio waves is described. The technique is based on an iteration scheme in which Tikhonov's method in the form of the principle of generalized residual is used at each step. A significant advantage of the method lies in the association of the regularization parameter and in the degree of smoothness of the solution with the total effective error. To increase the accuracy of the inverse-problem solution, a difference version of the technique is used. For this version of the technique based on data of thermal radio radiation of ozone molecules, the relative spectral behavior of brightness temperatures, but not their absolute values, are significant. Results of a numerical experiment modeling of ground-based atmospheric ozone observations within the spectral band centered at 142.2 GHz are given. Actual parameters, such as noise, operating frequencies, and spectra! resolution of the ozonometric instruments at the Lebedev Institute of Physics arc considered in computations. Results of the application of this technique to ozone observational data obtained in early 1996 over the Moscow region are given. The proposed method extends a class of problems, related to ecology and atmospheric physics, solvable with millimeter-wave-radiophysics methods

Governing shipping externalities : Baltic ports in the process of SOx emission reduction

This paper analyses the debate which has unfolded in the Baltic Sea Region regarding the reduction of sulphur content in vessel fuels, in order to illustrate how tightening environmental regulation challenges traditional forms of maritime governance. Using an interactive governance approach, this study reconstructs the process of sulphur emission reduction as a complex multi-stakeholder interaction in multiple contexts. The empirical investigation has drawn on documentary material from around the Baltic region, including Russia, and has applied the method of qualitative content analysis. The empirical study focuses on two interlinked questions: (1) How sulphur emission reduction policies are being anticipated by maritime industry, in particular by Baltic ports and (2) How port adaptation strategies are tied into Baltic local and energy contexts. Addressing these questions highlights the role of polycentricity in shipping governance and explains how the same universal international regulations can produce varying patterns of governance. The paper concludes that policy-making shall take an account of the fact that the globalized shipping industry is nevertheless locally and sectorally embedded.Peer reviewe

PhysAtm5_98ZaslavskiiLO

Abstract -A three-wave kinetic equation is generalized for a statistical description of nonlinear waves with weak dispersion, which forbids three-wave resonances, for example, of surface gravity waves at small depths in the Boussinesq approximation. This approach is based on the derivation of a kinetic equation by using the effective rate of wave attenuation β ( k) due to nonlinear interactions. However, unlike the case of an exact threewave frequency resonance, in our final results, the passage to the limit β 0 is not performed, and spread δ-functions of the form δ β (σ(k) ± σ(k 1 ) ± σ(k 2 )) with spreading parameter β(k) are retained in place of δ-functions in frequency δ(σ(k) ± σ(k 1 ) ± σ(k 2 )). An additional equation can be obtained to determine β(k). As a result, we arrive at a closed problem for the wave spectrum N(k) that evolves due to three-wave interactions of weakly dispersive waves. The final system of equations for N(k) and β(k) differs from the common three-wave kinetic equation and is conventionally referred to as a quasi-kinetic equation

PhysAtm4_05GorchakovaLO

Abstract -Clear-sky measurements conducted during the 2001 and 2002 Zvenigorod aerosol-cloud-radiation experiments are used to estimate the short-and longwave aerosol radiative forcing on the Earth's surface, at the top of the atmosphere, and in the entire depth of the atmosphere. The sensitivity of the aerosol radiative forcing to variations in the aerosol optical thickness, the single-scattering albedo, the asymmetry factor of the aerosol phase function, and the surface albedo are analyzed

PhysEth7_04LyubushinLO

Abstract -A method for automatic classification of three-component seismic records is proposed on the basis of the use of the Donoho-Johnstone wavelet shrinkage level as an informative indicator. The method is exemplified by analysis of a set of three-component records of seismic events in mines of the Silesian coal basin (Czech Republic). The inferred clusters of events supposedly differ in the focal mechanism of an event

Coveted, detested and unattainable?

This article explores how the image of the USA has developed in two major Russian daily newspapers, Izvestiya and Komsomolskaya Pravda, in a time period comprised of a total 20 weeks’ of study in the years of 1984, 1994, 2004 and 2009. For Russia this time span was dramatic: it moved from seemingly stable superpower in the 1980s, over the chaos after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, to the partial comeback to great power status at the beginning of the 21st century. While telling the story of how the image of the USA has evolved, the article also describes how Russian self-images have developed. The image projected of the USA was Manichean in the 1980s, whereas the most benevolent images were found in the 1990s. The examples from 2004 and 2009 reflect an assertive Russia that is back on the world stage. The USA is here again often criticized, but also — as before — comprises the scale against which Russia itself is measured