Expérience précoce de la réponse à la pandémie à Syndrome Respiratoire Aigu Sévère à Corona Virus SARS-COV 2 appelé aussi Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) aux Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa: Early experience of response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coranovirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic at Kinshasa university hospital

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) declared the first case of Coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19) on March 10, 2020. Ever since then, assessment in terms of management and care outcomes for COVID-19 patients has not yet been formally established. Since, the number of patients has been increasing; however, there has been no formal guideline for COVID-19 patient management. This paper provides an overview of the experience of the overall management of COVID-19 at the Kinshasa University Hospital (KUH), between March and the end of April 2020. Clinical data of 49 patients from surronding municipalities, including 61% of males, are presented in this report. Patients were young (median age 34 years). At admission, 20.4% of patients were at advanced stage and 6.1% at severe stage, and almost all of them have been using self-medication prior to admission at the hospital. The lethality rate was 10.2%. In almost all the cases (8 cases out of 10), death occurred within the first 24 hours following the admission. The response to COVID-19 was set up after a few twists and turns. With the support of a few partners and the government, we are seeing an improvement in the management of COVID-19 at the KUH. Delayed referral, self-medication and stigma are among the factors that influenced the disease severity and contributed to the high mortaly we have observed. La République démocratique du Congo (RDC) a déclaré le premier cas de la maladie à Coronavirus (COVID-19) le 10 mars 2020. Depuis lors, l’évaluation de la prise en charge et de l’issue vitale des patients suivis n’ont pas encore été formellement rapportées. Le présent article donne un aperçu de l’expérience de la prise en charge globale de la COVID-19 aux Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, entre mars et fin avril 2020. Quarante-neuf (âge médian 34 ans, sexe masculin 61%, habitant les communes environnantes) ont été inclus. Près d’un tiers des patients étaient admis aux stades critiques (20,4%) ou sévère (6,1%) recourant souvent à l’automédication. Le taux de létalité a été 10,2% des cas. Le décès était survenu endéans les 24 premières heures dans la quasi-totalité des cas (8 cas/10 patients). Les patients sont très jeunes. La riposte à la pandémie a été d’installation lente, renforcée progressivement par l’appui des partenaires traditionnels et du gouvernement central. L’impact de ces interventions a contribué à une amélioration de la prise en charge de la COVID-19 aux CUK. La référence tardive, mais aussi l’autoprise en charge à domicile, corollaires à la stigmatisation communautaire seraient une explication plausible au nombre élévé de décès enregistrés dans cette institution

Tests diagnostiques de l’infection à Coronavirus (COVID-19) : des atouts et des limites: Diagnosis testing for Coronavirus infection disease (COVID 19): Assets and limits

The world is going through a serious health crisis due to the COVID 19 pandemic. Although little is known about COVID-19, we have observed an increased interhuman transmission of etiological agent SARS-Cov-2 and we assume that each new cases of COVID-19 get at least two or three news persons infected. Therefore, the test for detection of the infection should be much implemented as an efficient strategy to fight against the COVID 19 pandemic. The COVID-19 diagnostic tests are an essential tool for assessing the pandemic. This review paper will discuss the advantages and limitations of the diagnosis tests for COVID 19. There are 2 categories of tests: those that directly detect the virus or its component, and those that search for the antibodies generated by the virus infection. The real time Reverse transcriptase Polymerase chain reaction (test rt-RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Its sensitivity on the nasopharynx swab seems high, though false negative cases can occur, with an average of 30% of cases. Serological test detect specific antibodies against SARS-COV-2. They help identify individuals that have been infected by the virus, those healed and that have acquired immunity against the virus. They are diagnosis orientation tests of COVID-19. Until now, none of these tests are 100% reliable, but they are used by a qualified collaborating medical staff. They can help identify the majority of the infected and immunized individuals. Le monde entier fait face à une crise sanitaire sans précédent due à la pandémie de maladie à virus SARS-COV-2 alias COVID-19. Malgré les connaissances très incomplètes sur la COVID-19, on a constaté une contagiosité interhumaine élevée au début de la pandémie actuelle, et on estime que chaque nouveau cas de COVID-19 infecte en moyenne deux à trois personnes. En conséquence, la stratégie de lutte contre la pandémie à COVID-19 qui ébranle nos sociétés passe nécessairement par une intensification des tests de détection de l’infection. Ces tests diagnostiques de la COVID-19 sont un outil essentiel pour suivre la propagation de la pandémie. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente revue de la littérature est d’aborder le diagnostic de l’infection à Coronavirus (COVID-19) en s’attardant sur les tests de diagnostic, leurs atouts et leurs limites. Il y a deux catégories de test : ceux qui recherchent la présence directe du virus ou de ses fragments, et ceux qui recherchent les anticorps résultant de l’infection par le virus du COVID-19. Le test real time –Reverse Transcriptase –Polymerase chain reaction (rt-RT-PCR) reste le gold standard pour le diagnostic de la COVID-19. Sa sensibilité sur les écouvillons nasopharyngés semble élevée, mais des faux négatifs peuvent se produire, avec une fréquence incertaine (environ 30% des cas). Les tests sérologiques détectent les anticorps spécifiques du SARS-CoV-2. Ils permettent l’identification des individus qui ont été infectés par le virus, se sont rétablis, et ont développé, en théorie, une réponse immunitaire efficace contre le virus. Ils constituent des tests d’orientation diagnostique de la COVID-19. A ce jour, aucun de ces tests n’est fiable à 100 %, mais, utilisés par un personnel médical qualifié et en combinaison, ils permettent l’identification de la majorité des individus infectés et immunisés

Longitudinal analysis of sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic factors of HIV-infected individuals in Kinshasa at antiretroviral therapy initiation during 2006-2017.

peer reviewedBACKGROUND: The benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) underpin the recommendations for the early detection of HIV infection and ART initiation. Late initiation (LI) of antiretroviral therapy compromises the benefits of ART both individually and in the community. Indeed, it promotes the transmission of infection and higher HIV-related morbidity and mortality with complicated and costly clinical management. This study aims to analyze the evolutionary trends in the median CD4 count, the median time to initiation of ART, the proportion of patients with advanced HIV disease at the initiation of ART between 2006 and 2017 and their factors. METHODS AND FINDINGS: HIV-positive adults (≥ 16 years old) who initiated ART between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2017 in 25 HIV care facilities in Kinshasa, the capital of DRC, were eligible. The data were processed anonymously. LI is defined as CD4≤350 cells/μl and/or WHO clinical stage III or IV and advanced HIV disease (AHD), as CD4≤200 cells/μl and/or stage WHO clinic IV. Factors associated with advanced HIV disease at ART initiation were analyzed, irrespective of year of enrollment in HIV care, using logistic regression models. A total of 7278 patients (55% admitted after 2013) with an average age of 40.9 years were included. The majority were composed of women (71%), highly educated women (68%) and married or widowed women (61%). The median CD4 was 213 cells/μl, 76.7% of patients had CD4≤350 cells/μl, 46.1% had CD4≤200 cells/μl, and 59% of patients were at WHO clinical stages 3 or 4. Men had a more advanced clinical stage (p <0.046) and immunosuppression (p<0.0007) than women. Overall, 70% of patients started ART late, and 25% had AHD. Between 2006 and 2017, the median CD4 count increased from 190 cells/μl to 331 cells/μl (p<0.0001), and the proportions of patients with LI and AHD decreased from 76% to 47% (p< 0.0001) and from 18.7% to 8.9% (p<0.0001), respectively. The median time to initiation of ART after screening for HIV infection decreased from 40 to zero months (p<0.0001), and the proportion of time to initiation of ART in the month increased from 39 to 93.3% (p<0.0001) in the same period. The probability of LI of ART was higher in married couples (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.3) (p<0.0007) and lower in patients with higher education (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.64-0.86) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Despite increasingly rapid treatment, the proportions of LI and AHD remain high. New approaches to early detection, the first condition for early ART and a key to ending the HIV epidemic, such as home and work HIV testing, HIV self-testing and screening at the point of service, must be implemented

Surveillance des décès aux Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (RDC) : la COVID-19 a-t-elle entraîné une surmortalité ? Monitoring of deaths at the Kinshasa University Hospital: has COVID-19 resulted in increase of mortality?

Context and objectives. The extent of COVID-19 impact on overall in-hospital mortality is controversial. The objectives of the study were to compare the number of deaths in the first semesters of 2018, 2019 and 2020; determine the proportion of COVID-19 cases and identify the factors associated with COVID-19 among the deaths recorded at the morgue of the Kinshasa University Hospital (KUH).&nbsp;Methods. We collected death certificates registered at the KUH morgue. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed using RT-PCR in all suspected subjects (from March 2020), including those who have arrived dead. Pearson’s khi-square, Student’s t-test, and logistic regression were used as statistical tests.&nbsp;Results. The number of deaths recorded in the first semester of 2019 (868 cases) was higher than in 2020 (768 cases) and 2018 (744 cases). In 2020, 45 deaths related to COVID-19 (6.0%) were reported. The risk of COVID-19 depended on the period (month of June 2020, OR: 5.69; p = 0.002), sex (female, 0R: 0.42; p = 0.024) and age (one additional year of age, OR: 1.02; p = 0.009).&nbsp;Conclusion: COVID-19 did not lead to excess intra-hospital mortality in the first semester of 2020. The proportion of the disease among deceased patients was more marked in June 2020 and the risk increased with age, especially in men. Contexte et objectifs. L’ampleur de la COVID-19 sur la mortalité intra-hospitalière globale suscite des controverses. Les objectifs de l’étude étaient de comparer le nombre de décès lors des premiers semestres de 2018, 2019 et 2020 ; déterminer la proportion des cas de COVID-19 et identifier les facteurs associés à la COVID-19 parmi les décès enregistrés à la morgue des Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK).&nbsp;Méthodes. Nous avons colligé les certificats des décès enregistrés à la morgue des CUK. La COVID-19 a été recherchée par la RT-PCR chez tous les sujets suspects y compris les arrivés morts (à partir de mars 2020). Le Khi carré de Pearson, le test t de Student et la régression logistique ont été utilisés comme tests statistiques.&nbsp;Résultats. Le nombre de décès enregistrés au premier semestre 2019 (868 cas) était plus élevé qu’en 2020 (768 cas) et 2018 (744 cas). En 2020, on a rapporté 45 décès liés à la COVID-19 (6,0 %). Le risque d’avoir la COVID-19 dépendait de la période (mois de juin 2020, OR : 5,69 ; p = 0,002), du sexe (femme, 0R : 0,42 ; p = 0,024) et de l’âge (une année d’âge supplémentaire, OR : 1,02 ; p = 0,009).&nbsp;Conclusion. La COVID-19 n’a pas entraîné de surmortalité intra-hospitalière au premier semestre de l’année 2020. La proportion de la maladie parmi les patients décédés était plus marquée au mois de juin 2020 et le risque augmentait avec l’âge, particulièrement chez les hommes

Factors associated with acceptability of HIV self-testing (HIVST) among university students in a Peri-Urban area of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Introduction:&nbsp;this paper examines the acceptability of HIV self-testing (HIVST) by students in a university in the DRC and identifies factors associated with uptake of HIVST. Methods:&nbsp;a cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 290 students from Kikwit University. Data were summarized using proportions and predictions of acceptability of HIVST by logistic regression. Results:&nbsp;the average age of students was 22.5 years, with the majority of the students being male (57%). Just over half the students sampled, reported being sexually active (51.8%). One hundred and sixty four (75%) reported that they had one sexual partner and fifty-six (25%) two or more sexual partners in the past year. Sixty-six percent had used condoms during their last sexual encounter. The acceptability of HIVST was high (81.4%) and 66.1% of students stated that they would confirm the self-test at a local health facility. The knowledge about the importance of the self-test (OR 5.02; 95% CI:1.33-18.88; p=0.017), the perception that counseling pre and post-test were important (OR 2.91; 95% CI:1.63-5.19; p &lt; 0.0001) and the willingness to realize the test with a partner (OR 2.46; 95% CI:1.43-4.23; p=0.034) were factors associated with HIVST. Conclusion:&nbsp;the acceptability of HIVST was high and therefore its implementation is feasible in our country. However, prior to implementation, additional factors such as cost; access of HIVST; false reassurance of the test; missed early infections in the window period, limited counseling and linkage to care options, need to be considered

Progressive phasing out of baseline CD4+ cell count testing for people living with HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Progressive phasing out of baseline CD4+ cell count testing for people living with HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Decrease in late presentation for HIV care in Kinshasa, DRC, 2006-2020.

peer reviewedINTRODUCTION: Late presentation for HIV care is a well-described issue for the success of ART outcomes and the cause of higher morbidity, mortality and further transmission. Monitoring the level of late presentation and understanding the factors associated with it would help to tailor screening and information strategies for better efficiency. We performed a retrospective cohort study in Kinshasa, the capital of the DRC. The studied population included HIV-positive adults newly enrolled in HIV care between January 2006 and June 2020 at 25 HIV urban care facilities. Patient information collected at presentation for HIV care included age, sex, WHO clinical stage and screening context. We used 2 definitions of late presentation: the WHO definition of advanced HIV disease (WHO stage 3/4 or CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm(3)) and a more inclusive definition (WHO stage 3/4 or CD4 cell count < 350 cells/mm(3)). RESULTS: A total of 10,137 HIV-infected individuals were included in the analysis. The median age was 40 years; 68% were female. A total of 45.9% or 47.5% of the patients were late presenters, depending on the definition used. The percentage of patients with late presentation (defined as WHO stage 3/4 or CD4 cell count < 350 cells/mm(3)) decreased during recent years, from 70.7% in 2013 to 46.5% in 2017 and 23.4% in 2020. Age was associated with a significantly higher risk of LP (p < 0.0001). We did not observe any impact of sex. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of late presentation for care is decreasing in Kinshasa, DRC. Efforts have to be continued. In particular, the issue of late diagnosis in older individuals should be addressed

Decrease in late presentation for HIV care in Kinshasa, DRC, 2006-2020.

peer reviewedINTRODUCTION: Late presentation for HIV care is a well-described issue for the success of ART outcomes and the cause of higher morbidity, mortality and further transmission. Monitoring the level of late presentation and understanding the factors associated with it would help to tailor screening and information strategies for better efficiency. We performed a retrospective cohort study in Kinshasa, the capital of the DRC. The studied population included HIV-positive adults newly enrolled in HIV care between January 2006 and June 2020 at 25 HIV urban care facilities. Patient information collected at presentation for HIV care included age, sex, WHO clinical stage and screening context. We used 2 definitions of late presentation: the WHO definition of advanced HIV disease (WHO stage 3/4 or CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm(3)) and a more inclusive definition (WHO stage 3/4 or CD4 cell count < 350 cells/mm(3)). RESULTS: A total of 10,137 HIV-infected individuals were included in the analysis. The median age was 40 years; 68% were female. A total of 45.9% or 47.5% of the patients were late presenters, depending on the definition used. The percentage of patients with late presentation (defined as WHO stage 3/4 or CD4 cell count < 350 cells/mm(3)) decreased during recent years, from 70.7% in 2013 to 46.5% in 2017 and 23.4% in 2020. Age was associated with a significantly higher risk of LP (p < 0.0001). We did not observe any impact of sex. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of late presentation for care is decreasing in Kinshasa, DRC. Efforts have to be continued. In particular, the issue of late diagnosis in older individuals should be addressed

Cryptococcosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1953 to 2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS. The present review systematically describes the clinical and biological aspects of cryptococcosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and estimates its 2020 burden in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched online databases for records of cryptococcosis/Cryptococcus spp. in the DRC. Meta-analysis was then performed to estimate summary statistics and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 30 studies were included. These included 1,018 cryptococcosis patients, including 80.8% with neuromeningeal cryptococcosis (NMC) and predominantly immunocompromised due to HIV/AIDS (97.6%). The NMC mean prevalence was estimated at 9.63% (95% CI: 5.99-14.07). More than one in two patients (52.7%) under treatment died. Monotherapy with fluconazole was the main treatment administered (80.6%). Furthermore, we estimate that about 9,265 (95% CI: 5,763-13,537) PLHIV had cryptococcosis in 2020, in DRC; of which about 4,883 (95% CI: 3,037-7,134) would have died in the same year. Among isolates in all included studies, 74 strains have been characterised. Of these, 82.4% concerned Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato (s.l) (exclusively of serotype A and mostly of molecular types VNI and VNII) and 17.6% concerned Cryptotoccus gattii s.l (belonging to serotype B/molecular type VGI). Cryptococcosis remains common with an unacceptably high mortality rate. A large number of PLHIV affected by and dying from cryptococcosis in 2020 demonstrates its heavy burden among the Congolese PLHIV. To mitigate this burden, it is important to improve the quality and accessibility of care for all PLHIV