Provision of Long Term Care for the Elderly in Poland in Comparison to Other European Countries

In recent years, population ageing has attracted the attention of research and policy advisors in all European countries. Several policy actions have been directed toward ensuring optimal long-term care (LTC) for elderly people while maintaining fiscal rationality. LTC systems are very different across all European countries. Their design is characterized by diverse arrangements for the provision of care/organization and financing. Despite general concerns, the Polish LTC system is still at the bottom of the pile in terms of the organization and provision of care

Provision of Long Term Care for the Elderly in Poland in Comparison to Other European Countries

In recent years, population ageing has attracted the attention of research and policy advisors in all European countries. Several policy actions have been directed toward ensuring optimal long-term care (LTC) for elderly people while maintaining fiscal rationality. LTC systems are very different across all European countries. Their design is characterized by diverse arrangements for the provision of care/organization and financing. Despite general concerns, the Polish LTC system is still at the bottom of the pile in terms of the organization and provision of care.LTC system,Labor market, social policy and social services, Europe, long-term care

Study on the effects and incidence of labour taxation

In the aftermath of the financial crisis most European countries are continuing to face employment problems. In a number of Member States government intervention has further resulted in increasing debt levels and high tax burdens overall and in particular on labour. Therefore well-targeted tax reforms seem to be in order to improve the labour market outcomes. It is often implicitly assumed that a decrease on the employee side, i.e. in the personal income tax rate or the employee part of social security contribution, leads to a higher labour supply. Against this background four main goals of this study emerge. First, is to identify from the literature which labour market imperfections result in employment problems and to attribute them to the labour supply or on the labour demand side. Given the heterogeneity in the labour market situation of different groups, we also set out to identify which socioeconomic groups are most vulnerable to employment problems. The next step is to review the literature which assesses the short-run and long-run economic incidence of labour taxation. To further break down the incidence into its underlying determinants we also review the literature on the (tax) elasticities of labour supply and labour demand. Then the literature on the influence of the economic environment on the tax incidence outcome, most notably the wage setting mechanisms and the institutional background, is reviewed. Finally the findings of the literature review are brought together in a framework of indicators to identify the potential of tax reforms to reduce tax related employment problems

Determinants of Obtaining Formal and Informal LTC across European Countries

The aim of this paper is to identify patterns of utilization of formal and informal long term care (LTC) across European countries and discuss possible determinants of demand for different types of care. Specific research questions are of the volume of different types of care and conditions under which care is undertaken. The latter include demographic factors, especially ageing of the society, health status and limitations caused by poor health, family settings and social networking. The analysis indicates substantial differences in obtaining LTC across European countries depending on the tradition and social protection model that determine availability of institutional care and provision of informal care. In the Nordic-type countries with high state responsibility and high provision of institutional care, informal care is of less importance and – if received – it is mostly care provided from on irregular basis from outside the family. With growing needs for care, formal settings come in. Countries of the continental Europe are less unified with high share of people using formal settings of care, but also combining formal and informal care. In Mediterranean countries provision of informal care, including personal care, plays much greater role than formal LTC

The Impact of Socio-Ecological Transition on Employment Structure and Patterns in the Context of (Non) Rural Regions

This paper focuses on emerging labour patterns within the Socio-Ecological Transition (SET), with particular attention paid to the effects of urbanisation. Based on the European Labour Force Survey (ELFS), we mobilize micro-econometric approaches in order to understand three major employment patterns: job mobility (between unemployment, inactivity, and employment), the desire to change jobs, and underemployment (i.e. part time jobs) in the European Union. The results show that the urbanization transition might express some positive effects on the labour market in the medium-term for several reasons. The employment rate has slightly decreased in all types of regions, yet it remains higher in urban settlements. Urban settlements offer more job opportunities and more part-time employment options. However, cyclical shocks tend to have a higher impact on urban areas when compared to rural areas. This means higher chances for employment in urban settlements during a boom and more job losses during a slow-down (causing less security on the labour market)