Body measurement s in relation to cockpit design

The paper deals with the major conclusions arising from the statistical analysis of 22 body Measurements of 691 airmen. Besides the upper and lower 95 per rent confidence limits for these characters, the regression equations for (i) body a-eight on the measurement of abdomen, shoulder, elbow, seat maximum below hips and total height and (ii ) total height on knee height and thigh height, have also been given

Chitosan as a water clarifying agent

Chitosan may be used to reduce the bacterial load of water. Material prepared according to the method of Radhakrishnan & Prahu described in Res. & Ind., 16(4), pp. 265, used in 1% solution in 1% acetic acid was added at 10 ppm level to contaminated water and allowed to stand for 45 min. Cultures of E. coli, Staphylococci and a mixture of the 2 were inoculated into ordinary and muddy water. Bacterial load was determined, and it is shown that chitosan has excellent qualities as a coagulant/water clarifying agent, especially for muddy waters or those contaminated with suspended matter or bacteria

Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980�2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95 uncertainty interval UI 3·1�3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5�2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6�40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7�1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1�1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. Interpretation Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990�2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10�54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68 in 1990 to more than 80 in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91 coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78 of four antenatal care visits, 81 of in-facility delivery, and 87 of skilled birth attendance. Interpretation Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care�including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

Use of generalized birth and death process in solving queuing problems

The general procedure for determining the fluctuation in different phases of a population in which the changes take place either as functions of time or some parameter of the population is considered in this paper. It is indicated that the solution for most of the queuing problems can be obtained as special cases of the above procedure. Following this, the exact solutions for stable or unstable condition arising for some simple situations have been obtained

Some new methods for testing randomness of a binomial sequence and its applications in two sample problems

The t-test commonly used for testing two samples is based on the assumption that the sample are random and belong to the same normal population. These assumptions may or may not be valid for different types of experimental data. In cases where these assumptions do not hold good, it would be preferable to use tests which are independent of the nature of the distribution of the parent population. A number of such tests, some developed in the Defence Science Laboratory, is given in this paper. The test depend on a sequence of A's and B's obtained by pooling together the two samples {Xm}and {Yn} and arranging them in ascending or descending order and treating the observations belonging to {xm} and {yn} as A's and B's respectively. For this sequence the number of AB's or AB's and BA's are noted for the following cases: (1) Between any two observations of the sequence separated by (k-1) observations or less; (2) Between any two observations in blocks of (k+1) consecutive observations moving from one end to the other end. It has been found that the standardized deviates of these statics serve as more reliable tests than any of other existing tests. Further work is in progress to confirm these findings

Some Distributions arising from random division of an interval

The paper deals with the distribution of certain functions of distances between any two points of a line of length unity divided into (n+1) parts by n points taken at random by a unified approach

Distribution of mann and whitney and allied statistics for two state Markov chain

In this paper the distribution of transitions separated by 0,1,2,..r observations and also of T3,T4,and Tn for a Markov Chain having two states a and b has been discussed. The power of these statistics for comparing the randomness of a binomial sequence against a Markov chain alternative wherein the asymptotic probabilities of the two states are the same for the null hypothesis Ho(which is possible only when the alternative hypothesis is a Markov chain)has been considered. The relative efficiencies the various statistics show that the tests based on ab transitions separated by NKr observations(when K is fraction)will in general be better than Mann and Whitney statistics for testing two samples where the distributions are not known

The comparative efficiency of the X and R Charts and L-S chart for statistical quality control

This paper deals with the comparative efficiencies of the X and R charts and the L-S chart (L being the largest and S the smallest value of the sample) from the theoretical and practical points of view. It has been found that in practice the corrective steps suggested by both tallied almost exactly. From theoretical points, when standard deviation varies, the L-S chart is almost as efficient as the X and R charts, but with the variation in the mean the relative efficiency of the L-S chart comes down appreciably as the X and R charts, but with the variation in the mean shifts more and more from the original valu