Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Book Review: The Rise of the Network Society

Book review: Castells, Manuel (1996). The Rise of the Network Society (The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume 1). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, Inc. 556 pages, bibliography 51 pages, index 23 pages.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60263/1/book2s99.pd

The urban transition in post -Soviet Russia: Adjustments to the planning process in different urban contexts.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union heralded what many authors refer to as the end of central planning. Since 1991, local officials and residents alike are revisiting fundamental issues with respect to planning, plans, and planners themselves. The analysis in this dissertation shows that the perceptions at the local level towards these fundamental issues vary for different types of post-Soviet cities: province capitals, Soviet-era company towns and pre-revolutionary (1917) towns. The variation across cities reflects the planning response to unique urban transitions within each city-type in the face of political, economic and demographic change. In this dissertation, I analyze one aspect of the urban transition, namely population movement via the migration system. The patterns and determinants of internal migration for each type of city are distinct from other city-types as well as from those experienced before the dissolution. This dissertation examines the relationship between post-Soviet urban change and adjustments to the planning process. First, I test using the rank-size method the initial hypothesis that variation in city-size would increase in post-Soviet Russia to converge towards distributions found in market economies. I conclude that increasing unevenness in city-size depends on the nature of variation that existed prior to the dissolution as well as geographic location. From this analysis, the Irkutsk oblast represents a case study for regions experiencing increasing variation. Second, I compare patterns of migration in the later phase of the transition (1997--1999) using vital registration (propiska) data from the Irkutsk oblast with migration in the early phase (1991--1994) using the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS). Third, I employ multinomial logistic regression models to distinguish among migration destinations over time. My results demonstrate that the migration system shifts from one based on structural centrality during the Soviet period to one based on spatial centrality during the later stage of the Russian transition. Finally, interviews of local practitioners in Irkutsk reveal that adjustments to the planning process at the local level differ precisely because of post-Soviet demographic processes specific to each city-type: consensus-building in capital cities, de-Sovietization in company towns, and shedding of centralized control in pre-revolutionary towns.Ph.D.GeographyLanguage, Literature and LinguisticsSlavic literatureSocial SciencesUrban planningUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/123407/2/3079464.pd

Solstice: An Electronic Journal of Geography and Mathematics, Volume X, Number 1.

This document was delivered over the internet.The purpose of Solstice is to promote interaction between geography and mathematics. Articles in which elements of one discipline are used to shed light on the other are particularly sought. Also welcome, are original contributions that are purely geographical or purely mathematical. These may be prefaced (by editor or author) with commentary suggesting directions that might lead toward the desired interaction. Contributed articles will be refereed by geographers and/or mathematicians. Invited articles will be screened by suitable members of the editorial board. IMaGe is open to having authors suggest, and furnish material for, new regular features.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/2/salt3.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/3/salt2.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/4/salt1.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/5/sols199.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/6/1_sols199.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/7/wheel.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/8/2_sols199.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/9/3_sols199.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/10/1_wheel.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/11/wheel.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/12/2_wheel.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/13/solss.gifhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/14/4_sols199.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/15/sat.gifhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/16/salt4.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/17/ramp1.gifhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/18/lum.gifhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/19/Image670.gifhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/20/jdn.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/21/Image669.gifhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/22/hue.gifhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58276/23/Colorbar.gi