Analysis of Discontinuation, Recovery, and Sustainable Management Factors for a University Recycle Market

多くの大学で「リサイクル市」が実施されているが, 継続阻害要因が多数存在し広島大学でも2000年に一時中断した。過去の運営データを収集し分析した結果, スタッフ不足による「肉体的疲労」の増大, 来場者殺到による「精神的疲労」の増大, 疲労の大きさに対する「満足感・達成感」の不足という三点の継続阻害要因が示された。この三点への対策として「スタッフ募集の強化」「来場者の分散」「寄付という新たな目標の設定」を行い2001年にリサイクル市を再起した。スタッフ数増加により肉体的疲労は軽減され, 寄付という社会貢献の実施により満足感・達成感も向上したが, 来場者殺到による精神的疲労は改善されなかった。そこで2002年は「抽選方式による購入」や「購入者を学生に限定」など改善策を導入し精神的疲労も解決することができた。広島大学での分析結果を基に他の大学でも参考となりうるリサイクル市継続運営チェックシートも作成できた。"Recycle markets" have been carried out at many universities, but due to the large number of prevention factors that continue to exist, the markets have been discontinued. The recycle market at Hiroshima University was stopped in 2000. After analyzing past data, results showed that the continuation of recycle markets were not feasible due to human conditions, such as staff numbers being insufficient; this was due to an increase in "physical exhaustion" and "mental stress" with a decrease in the "feeling of satisfaction and achievement." Three main problems had to be tackled in order to change the situation, so a campaign was developed in order to: 1) Recruit a robust volunteer staff; 2) Welcome and manage visitors; and 3) Create a new purpose by showing that participation is a positive contribution, and the recycle market at Hiroshima University was restarted in 2001. Sustainable management of the recycle market was possible when these three factors were taken into consideration and tackled. The new-spirited Hiroshima University example can definitely be followed in order to continue markets at other universities too

Study of Easy Evaluation of Environmental Performance in Small Scale Offices

ISO 14001の認証取得は大企業がほとんどであり, 多くの小規模オフィスでは人材の配置や費用負担などで導入が困難だが, 何らかの環境パフォーマンス評価が必要とされている。1995年に調査を行った8社に継続調査を依頼し, 1997年に5社で低負担な環境パフォーマンス評価を行った。承諾した5社は1995年の環境負荷削減の取り組み達成率が高く, 非承諾の3社は達成率が低かった。うら紙とシュレッダーとの関係は, シュレッダー処理の割合が高いオフィスではうら紙発生率が低かった。2社で取り組み達成率が半減し, その原因はシュレッダーの導入であった。調査の負担および数値の精度に関して, 低負担で精確に測定できるのは一人が一日に一度測定する程度の項目であった。本研究で行った環境パフォーマンス評価は, 低負担で各オフィスの環境への取り組みを数値として評価することができ, ISO 14001を取得できない小規模オフィスにとって有効であった。ISO 14001 attestation is easy for large scale offices to obtain, but due to the costs involved and the limited number of staff, introduction by small scale offices is very difficult. Some means for environmental performance evaluation for small scale offices is therefore necessary. In this study, a request to conduct a continuing investigation was made to eight offices which received evaluation in 1995, and in 1997 an easy environmental performance evaluation was carried out on five of the offices which agreed. When evaluated in 1995, the five offices which agreed to the 1997 evaluation showed a high level of achievement in their efforts to reduce the burdens on the environment, while the three offices which did not agree to the 1997 evaluation showed a low level of achievement. Offices with a high rate of paper shredding demonstrated a low rate of single-sided paper production. Two offices showed a 50% reduction in the rate of achievement, resulting from the introduction of a paper shredder. In consideration of investigation load and accuracy, investigation items were limited to a number which could by measured at one time by one person in one day to insure accurate measurement without undue burden. The system for easy evaluation of environmental performance which was carried out in this research enabled numerical evaluation of the environmental achievements of each office with a low investigation load, and was shown to be effective for small scale offices which are unable to receive ISO 14001 attestation

Study of an Environmental Performance Evaluation and its Environmental Audit for Paper Flow in Eight Offices

本研究では, 広島市に本・支店を設置している8社の企業を現場の実験系として設定し, 「系」と「環境」との理念に基づいた環境パフォーマンス評価とその環境監査を実施した。測定項目としては, 導入部では, 直接導入資料, 配送物, コピー用紙について, 系内では, うら紙の発生量と使用量FAXの受信量・送信量について, 送出部では, 直接送出資料, 間接送出資料, 可燃ごみ, 資源ごみについて, その重量を項目別に調査票に記入した。実態調査は1995年の6月から9月にかけて, 各社一週間で行った。測定結果をもとに, 各企業における物質とエネルギーの出入りをまとめ, 環境監査の基礎的データとなる環境収支簿記を作成した。また, それをもとに物質の流れ図も作成した。環境収支簿記をもとに, 8社の企業における環境影響評価および改善評価を行った。これにはCO2発生量を指標として, LCAによるシミュレーションを行った。8社のうち, 4社はCO2総発生量の約3割を既に削減していたが, 2社は1割弱であり, 残り2社はほとんど削減していなかった。このように現状での取り組み達成度は各社異なっていたが, 今後の取り組みによる将来削減可能量としては8社ともCO2では約6割となることがわかった。In this study, an environmental performance evaluation and its environmental audit was carried out for eight main or branch offices in Hiroshima City. Each location was studied selected as an experimental system, based on the theory that the 「system」 and the 「environment」 are distinct from one another. Incoming parts (incoming materials, deliveries and incoming copy paper), circulation (one sided paper both produced and consumed, FAX), and outgoing parts (outgoing materials, trash to be burned and to be recycled) were considered as subjects and measured in the investigation. The measurement for each office was performed for a period of one week between June and September 1995. Based on the measurement results, the incoming and outgoing materials were systematically arranged, and an environmental balance accounting, which is the basic data for environmental audit, was presented. Moreover, taking the environmental balance accounting as a basis, a flow diagram of the materials was drawn, and evaluations of various environmental effects and related improvements were carried out in the eight offices. In these evaluations, the level of CO2 emission was used as an index, and was simulated using the LCA technique. The results for the CO2 emission level in the eight offices were : four of them had an approximate 30% reduction ; two less than a 10% reduction ; while the remaining two showed almost no change at all; Although there were different results for each office in these evaluations, overall approximately a 604000f reduction for CO2 was possible for each of the eight offices

Behavioral Changes from Stimulating Environmentally Conscious Actions in an Office Without Strong Environmental Consciousness

環境意識の特には高くない通常の事務系オフィスを実験系として, 1995年から2002年までの8年間の系に対する物質収支を環境面から継続実態調査として測定した。その測定時や測定後にいくつかの点について事務所に環境配慮行動をするように促し, どのような行動変容があるかを現場実験として明らかにした。うら紙については事務所の自発的なうら紙ボックスの設置とうら紙の使用という行動変容が起きたが, 再生紙はほとんど購入されることはなく紙ごみもほとんど資源化分別されなかった。 うら紙使用については社員の入れ代わり, 事務所の配置による影響があると考えられた。コピー機, プリンター, デスクトップパソコンについては環境配慮行動の促しにより使用電力量が削減できたが, ノートパソコンについては増加した。コピー機, プリンター, デスクトップパソコンのように間歇的に使用するものは節電に取り組みやすく, ノートパソコンのように半継続的に使用するものは行動変容を起こしにくい傾向のあることがわかった。Actual conditions of environmental balance (input and output) of an office, which was regarded as having no strong environmental consciousness, were measured continuously over a period of eight years (1995-2002) . Following field measurements, we analyzed and clarified effects of some behavioral analysis methods, such as prompting and feedback, on behavioral changes of office members to environmentally conscious actions. By installment of boxes for paper that was printed on a single side, much was used. Nevertheless, recycled paper was seldom purchased. Furthermore, waste paper was seldom classified and was not thought of as a recoverable resource. Instead, it was cast away as a combustible. Effects of installing the boxes for half-used paper on behavioral changes of office members to use single-sided paper disappeared over three years because of the change in office members and the office arrangement. The method of real time feedback together with detailed instructions on environmentally concerned actions caused behavioral changes in use of copy machines, printers, and desktop computers, thereby reducing electricity consumption. On the other hand, the electricity that was consumed by laptop computers increased. Consequently, our findings showed the following tendency: it is easier to reduce electricity consumption by changing the methods of use of infrequently used business machines, such as copy machines, printers and desktop computers than those of frequently used equipment, such as laptop computers

Research on the Construction and Practice of an Environmental Management System in Small-size Offices in alignment with ISO 14001

環境負荷の削減は,あらゆる組織で取り組むことによって全体として大きな効果をもたらせるため,一部の大企業だけでなく小規模な組織でも容易に行える環境マネジメントシステムが必要とされている。　そのため本研究では,ISO14001の認証取得が困難な小規模オフィスにおいて,可能な限りISO14001の規格に沿った環境マネジメントシステムで低負担なものを立ち上げ,問題点や利点を解明し,その対応策を提示し,継続的かつ実質的に機能させることを目的とした。また,LCAや環境負荷削減取り組みのシミュレーションを実施し,「取り組み達成率」という他の組織と比較可能な指標による環境パフオーマンス評価を行い,継続的改善による効果を考察することも目的とした。　広島県の企業11社において,ISO14001の規格に沿った環境マネジメントシステムを立ち上げた。環境側面を紙に限定し,導入部・系内・送出部の重要な要素について一週間運用を行った。運用終了後,経営層による見直しとして,環境パフォーマンス評価などの結果報告を行った。従業員の少ない企業ほど環境負荷削減の取り組み達成率が高いという傾向があった。　継続的改善を行うため,11社に対し環境マネジメントシステムの再構築を依頼し,4社で実施することができた。目的・目標として,可能な範囲でコピー用紙使用量を減らしたり分別資源化を積極的に行うなどの取り組みの改善を求めた。また,前回不適合が生じる原因であった,責任の所在に関する部分をさらに明確にした。その結果,4社ともコピー用紙の使用量は減少し,ごみに関しても排出量の減少や資源化の促進など,環境負荷の削減という目的・目標は達成され,環境マネジメントシステムの継続的改善の有効性を実証することができた。　ISO14001の規格に沿いながら,低負担な環境マネジメントシステムの有効性や課題についても洗い出すことにより,企業や家庭などの様々な組織で運用可能な低負担の環境マネジメントシステムについて提案することができた。It is our goal to establish an environmental management system (EMS) which can be constructed easily in not only big businesses but also small-size offices. Therefore, in this research, the first purpose is the construction of a simplified EMS in alignment with ISO 14001 in small-size offices that cannot acquire ISO 14001 certification. The second purpose is the creation of an environmental performance evaluation and a method for its continual improvement. In 11 offices, a simplified EMS was constructed in order to know the present condition of the environmental burden of these offices. There was a tendency for smaller offices to show a high rate of achievement in their efforts to reduce their environmental burden. Of these, four offices were able to revise the simplified EMS through continual improvement. Consequently, the amount of copy paper and garbage was reduced. The purpose of reducing the environmental burden was attained and the quality of the simplified EMS was supported

Increasing Disaster Medical Assistance Teams’ Intent to Engage with Specific Hazards

To ensure human resource availability for a smooth response during various types of disasters, there is a need to improve the intent of those involved in responding to each hazard type. However, Disaster Medical Assistance Team personnel’s intent to engage with specific hazards has yet to be clarified. This study therefore aimed to clarify the factors affecting Disaster Medical Assistance Team members’ (n = 178) intent to engage with each type of hazard through an anonymous web questionnaire survey containing 20 questions. Our results show that the intent to engage in disaster response activities was significantly lower for chemical (50), biological (47), radiological/nuclear (58), and explosive (52) incidents compared with natural (82) and man-made hazards (82) (p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that incentives were the most common factor affecting responders’ intent to engage with all hazard types, followed by self-confidence. Thus, creating a system that provides generous incentives could effectively improve disaster responders’ intent to engage with specific hazards. Another approach could be education and training to increase disaster responders’ confidence. We believe that the successful implementation of these measures would improve the intent of responders to engage with hazards and promote the recruitment of sufficient human resources